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REL 121 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Amanuensis | A scribe or secretary trained to compose letters, often took dictation to compose letters, sometimes were given more freedom to craft content (Paul uses this to compose some of his letters) |
| Apostolic Tradition | Writings & teachings that were connected to Paul & Jesus |
| Apocalypse | A specific writing in apocalyptic literature, Greek for "revelation" (Apocalypse of Peter, Apocalypse of Paul, & Ascension of Isaiah) |
| Beatitudes | Matthew: on discipleship, trust in God, moral behavior, spiritualized concerns Luke: concern for the outcast, focus on the poor, parallel section of woes & realities of being poor, hostility toward rich (injustice), reversal of value judgments |
| Book of Signs | Miracle at Cana, cleansing of the Temple, dialogue w/ Nicodemus, conversation w/ the Samaritan woman, 5 more miraculous signs in Jerusalem & Galilee & discourses witnessing to Jesus’ divine nature, resuscitation of Lazarus (“the 7th sign”) |
| Diaspora | The scattering of the Jews to various parts of the ancient world after the destruction of Judah. |
| Disputed Letters | Not believed to be written by Paul, disputed or not they are authoritative for the Christian tradition, decided by writing/language style, difference in theology, & historical considerations, 2 Thessalonians, Ephesians, Colossians, Pastoral letters |
| General/Catholic Letters | written to a broad early Christian audience, attributed to key leaders in the early church (Peter, James, John), includes James, 1&2 Peter, 1, 2, & 3 John, & Jude |
| Gnosticism | complex religious/philosophical movement, developed into Christianity’s 1st major challenge, later became official church teaching, Jesus=fully God (no human weakness), Dualistic view of Cosmos |
| Hellenism | Widespread diffusion of Greek language, literature, philosophy, art, social customs, & religion |
| Historical Jesus | Enlightenment raises ?s about the intelligibility of Christological dogma, what can be known about Jesus by means of historical science? Jesus of history vs. Christ of faith, 3 "Quests" |
| Household Code | specific sets of ethical instructions in Paul's and Peter's letters that define reciprocal duties between members of a household—specifically wives/husbands, children/parents, and slaves/masters, how 1 lives w/in a household/community |
| "I am" sayings | Famous 7: the bread of life (6:35), the light of the world (8:12), the gate (10:7), the good shepherd (10:11), the resurrection & the life (11:25), the way/truth/life (14:6), the true vine (15:1), echoes YHWH's declaration to Moses "I am who I am" |
| Intercalation | "Literary sandwiches", Mark's unique knack for storytelling, rhetorical technique wraps 1 story around another story, invites readers to look more closely at both of them & interpret them in light of the other |
| Jerusalem Council | Do Gentiles need to be circumcised to become a Christian? Paul needs to defend ministry to Gentiles; gathering of apostles (led by Peter), elders (led by James), Paul w/ Barnabas; Peter praises Paul but Galatians tells of run-ins btwn the 2, 4 regulations |
| Justification | People stand before God acquitted & righteous (Romans 3:21-26) |
| Kingdom of God | The most prominent topic addressed by Jesus in the NT, the imminence & certainty of God's rule, the kingdom of God is not just in heaven/the future, but a reality to be experienced here & now, also has a future dimension |
| Logos | "The word", Greek philosophical term, parallel with Jewish wisdom tradition, Jesus is the true logos |
| Marcion | Early Christian scholar; heavily influenced by gnosticism (valued what was spiritual over the material), wanted Christianity to be purely Gentile, so dropped any Jewish influences. Selected only 11 books for his canon that were heavily edited to do so |
| Melchizedek | Genesis, paid tithes by Abraham, came first chronologically (before the Levites) & through Abraham they paid homage to him, no mention of his birth/death=eternal high priest, Jesus protrayed as a high priest in his order (since he is not a Levite) |
| Messianic secret | Mark's gospel, parables=code, Jesus often instructs his disciples to keep his miracles secret/silences demons who identify him/tries to keep his messianic identity secret, Theological interpretation: Jesus' story can't be understood apart from the cross |
| Nero | Emperor who persecuted Christians in 64 CE in Rome |
| Papyrus | Most common writing material; plant that could be cut into thin sheets |
| Parables | Memorable teaching style, demand radical change in society’s present social & religious values, uses everyday situations with a deeper meaning |
| Parousia | Greek for “presence” or “coming”, Jesus’ exalted arrival from heaven, His people will join him as he reigns over all, Parallel to a public ceremony for an emperor: where all drop everything and come to greet him |
| Pastoral Letters | Letters written to individuals (not the congregation) to encourage church structure & leadership, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus |
| Pax Romana | Stability & peace throughout the empire |
| Pentecost | Holy Spirit descends on apostles, begin to speak in various languages, reversal of Tower of Babel, unclear what exactly happens; Luke uses similes ("like" rushing wind or "as" fire), Peter preaches this event was foretold by the prophet Joel |
| Persecution of Christians | General letters usually dated in the 2nd 1/2 of the 1st century, several address themes of trials/persecution, local & sporadic (not widespread/systematic), social/economic, but sometimes bloody too |
| Pseudepigraphy | Something written using another's name, various levels (including the use of scribes or disciples to write) |
| Quelle | German word for source, a document used by Matthew & Luke to write their gospels? |
| Sadducces | Likely made up the Sanhedrin, appointed by Rome, wealthy, most powerful Jewish group, centered in Jerusalem, controlled the temple system, high priests & chief priests |
| Salvation | People are rescued from evil & wrath (Romans 5:9, Philippians 3:20) |
| Samaritans | Samaria, claimed to be the true Israel; other Jews=a heretical splinter group, had their own temple on Mt. Gerizim, only accepted Pentateuch as Scripture ("OG & true version"), Samaritans & Jews hated 1 other, numerous accounts of violent confrontations |
| Sanhedrin | Supreme Jewish council & high court in ancient Israel, 71 members including a High Priest, 2nd Temple period, supreme religious, civil, & criminal jurisdiction under Roman authority. |
| Second Temple Period | 1st Jerusalem Temple destroyed in 587 BCE by the Babylonians, 2nd temple built & dedicated (515BCE), 2nd temple destroyed (70CE) by Romans, this time period (515 BCE -70 CE) is the 2nd Temple Period |
| Septuagint | Greek translation of OT, tells about Judaism during 2nd Temple period, version used by NT authors (Bible 4 early church), debates concerning church doctrine pulled from LXX, many W Christians are unaware of it, impact of reformation (based on Hebrew text) |
| Sermon on the Mount | Instructions to the 12 Apostles, parables on the kingdom, instructions to the church, warnings of Final Judgment |
| Super apostles | False teachers in Corinth who promoted themselves as superior in authority, charisma, & eloquence. Aimed to discredit Paul, preaching a "different gospel" while demanding recognition, contrasting sharply with Paul's humble service. |
| Synagogue | the building where a Jewish assembly or congregation meets for religious worship and instruction. |
| Synoptic Gospels | First 3 Gospels overlap significantly in their stories & content, even to exact wording in Greek, John's gospel is very different (numerous stories not in the other 3 & is missing several features shared by the others), "Synoptic"=seeing together |
| Synoptic Problem | Markan priority, 2 document hypothesis, 4 document hypothesis, Farrer hypothesis, the inquiry about the relationship between the Gospels. Which Gospel was written first, and how was it used by the other Gospel writers? |
| Theophany | Appearance of Yahweh to his people (ex. Moses & the burning bush, Joshua) |
| Theophilus | "Friend of God" |
| Typology | Study of various symbols/types, popular technique to draw parallels & connections between different historical figures/events, Jesus as the new Moses (king kills babies but he escapes, fleeing out/into Egypt & returning, "those seeking your life are dead" |
| Undisputed letters | Romans, 1&2 Corinthians, 1 Thessalonians, Galatians, Philippians, Philemon (believed to be genuinely written by Paul) |
| "We" Passages | Switch from the 3rd person plural, all within narration of Paul's travels, travel diary? Quotes from a source? Luke inserting himself? |
| Book of Glory | Plot against Jesus, Last Supper & farewell discourses, Passion story, empty tomb & post-resurrection appearances, epilogue: post-resurrection appearances in Galilee; parting words to Peter & the Beloved Disciple |
| Paul's Missionary Journeys | 3 major journeys 1: Cyprus & SE Asia Minor 2: Asia Minor & Greece 3: revisits several places; focus on Ephesus Paul ministers @ various places/performs healings & is repeatedly opposed/imprisoned. End of Acts=his arrest & travels to Rome to face trial |
| Markan Priority | Mark written first? 90% in Matthew & Luke, shortest, framework used for Matthew & Luke? |
| 2 Document Hypothesis | Matthew & Luke used Mark & a document called Quelle when writing their gospels. Q has material not in Mark but in the other 2 gospels. |
| 4 Document Hypothesis | Matthew & Luke both used Mark & Q when writing their gospels, but they each also had their own documents (M & L) which accounts for the differences among the synoptics. |
| Farrer Hypothesis | Mark was used by Matthew, and then Luke used both Mark & Matthew to write his gospel |
| Dualistic View of Cosmos (Gnosticism) | Invisible world of spirit: eternal, pure, & Physical: inherently evil, Salvation gained thru special knowledge given to a chosen elite, divine redeemer came to give saving knowledge to people whose souls were disciplined to escape earthly desires |
| 4 Regulations imposed on Gentile Converts | Abstain from food sacrificed to idols, avoid sexual immorality, meat of strangled animals, & blood (all associated with paganism) |
| First Quest | Mid1700s-early1900s,Hermann Reimarus:Jesus=failed political leader,disciples took corpseDavid Strauss:"myth"=imaginative products of unconscious religious culture-some historical truth-mostly mythAlbert Schweitzer:critiqued them 4 making Jesus their image |
| Thoughts on the First Quest | Influenced by Enlightenment/modernity, anti-supernatural. hume:less likely that supernatural explanations account for a woundrous event than a natural one-Jesus inspired sharing rather than feeding 5K, historical Jesus is not divine Christ, Martin Kahler |
| "No Quest" | Rudolf Bultmann, "demythologize" the NT, gospels not meant to hold up to historical science, they tell us the history of Christian belief in Jesus, , uncover the kerygma of church (Jesus died, rose, & reigns) |
| Second Quest | Ernst Kasemann, gospels still contained historical memories abt historical Jesus, "presuppositionless exegesis"=impossible (everyone biased), criteria of authenticity: dissimilarity/embarrassing moments not likely if they weren't true, multiple accounts |
| Thoughts on the Second Quest | Still anti-supernaturalistic, search for sources, form criticism, synoptic problem, were criteria helpful? |
| Third Quest | Not confined to any approach or historical tools, Jesus interpreted squarely within his 1st century Jewish-Christian area, "Jesus the Jew" |
| The Jesus Seminar | Moved passage by passage. What can be authenticated historically? Color system: red=exactly as it happened, pink=author took some liberties, gray=substantial liberties, black=no truth, 18% Jesus' words & 16% deeds red or pink, John's gospel mostly black |
| Thoughts on the Quests | Are the gospels meant to hold up under modern historical scrutiny? Can they be true without getting every detail right? Difference between historically true & theologically true? |
| Triple Tradition | material that appears in all 3 Synoptic Gospels |
| Double Tradition | Over 230 verses found in Matthew & Luke that are absent from Mark, high percentage of Jesus’ sayings |
| Griesbach Hypothesis/Two Gospel Hypothesis | Matthew, Luke uses Matthew, then Mark uses both |
| Typical Structure of an Ancient Letter | Salutation/Opening, Thanksgiving, Body, Closing |
| Salutation/Opening | Greek opening: "greetings" (chaire) Jewish: "peace" (shalom) NT: "grace (charis); often grace & peace Identifies both author & recipient, NT author often expanded this section to describe authors & recipient sin varying ways |
| Thanksgiving | Greco-Roman letters often included a brief word of thanksgiving to the gods for good health, deliverance form calamity, or some other beneficence, NT letters use specific Christian language, thanks given to God & the congregations for their faithfulness |
| Body | Largest section w/ features dependent on the circumstances, Paul uses various fixed forms (prayers, hymns, lists of vices/virtues, chiasms), "now about" formula, doxologies |
| "Now about" formula | Used by Paul to move onto the next topic |
| Doxologies | 4 element structure: an object of praise, the element of praise, the indication of time, the affirmatory response (Romans 11:36-"For from him and through him and for him are all things. To him be the glory forever! Amen") |
| Closing | Paul uses various features to wrap up his letters (travel plans, greetings, doxologies/benedictions, closing prayer, an autograph "in my own hand") |
| Reconciliation | People are placed in a right relationship w/ God & each other (Roman 5:10-11, 2 Corinthians 5:18-19) |
| Expiation | People have their sins blotted out or wiped away (Romans 3:25) |
| Redemption | People are brought out of slavery to sin & death (Romans 8:18-23, 1 Corinthians 7:23) |
| Freedom | People are set free from sin, law, & self to live as God intended (Romans 8:2, Galatians 5:1) |
| Sanctification | People are made holy (1 Corinthians 1:2, 2 Corinthians 3:18) |
| Transformation | People are being changed into the image of God (Romans 12:2, 2 Corinthians 3:18) |
| New Creation | People are given a new life in a new age (2 Corinthians 5:17, Galatians 2:20) |
| Glorification | People share in the glory of God (Romans 8:18, 1 Thessalonians 2:12) |
| Paul's Effects of the Christ Event | Justification, salvation, reconciliation, expiation, redemption, freedom, sanctification, transformation, new creation, glorification |
| OT Covenants | Abrahamic, Mosaic, Davidic, Noah |
| Covenant w/ Noah | New beginning, told to be fruitful/x (recall Gen 1:28), humans can now kill & eat animals (satisfies human tendency toward death-they must be treated w/ respect) All life=sacred /full of dignity, all killing accountable to God, no more worldwide floods |
| Covenant w/ Abraham | 3 main promises: blessing, land, & descendants |
| Covenant w/ Moses Outline | Ch. 19 Setting the stage Ch. 21-23 Book of the Covenant |
| Covenant w/ David Similarities & Differences | Land, blessing, descendants, making a name great God speaks through Nathan (not directly to David) |
| Noah | Told to be fruitful & multiply, humans can now kill & eat animals (satisfies human tendency towards death) but they must be treated w/ respect. All life is sacred & full of dignity. All killing will be accountable to God. He will never send another flood. |
| Moses | Israel’s first great leader/lawgiver, leading figure in 4 the Torah books |
| Mosaic/Sinai Covenant | Made to all the people of Israel, series of laws & rules (10 Commandments), conditional, formal, close parallels w/ ANE treaties |
| David | God promises to make his name great, line of kings, land, David's son will build his temple. Unconditional, secure dwelling for Israel, father-son relationship & loving kindness would not depart from David's line (2 Sam 7) |
| A New & Better Covenant | By his death, Jesus inaugurates this, old covenant made obsolete, foundation in prophet Jeremiah, new covenant gives believers confidence to move forward in faith, Hebrew 12: imagery of new covenant initated in the heavenly Mt. Zion |
| Hebrews & Jesus as a High Priest (Covenant) | Jesus=priest & sacrifice, he is a better high priest (eternal & without sin), his sacrifice is a better sacrifice (his blood is better than that of sheep or goats, eternal), his sacrifice is offered in a better sanctuary (heavenly sanctuary before God) |
| Guidelines for Reading Revelation | Long & complicated series of visions, must be read as visionary accounts of reality divinely given to portray profound spiritual/theological truths, we need to think ourselves back into the early Christian situation to make sense of what John is saying |
| Reading Revelation as a Whole | Not a series of clues/puzzle pieces, moves in a nonlinear way, moves more like a spiral, each loop consisting of a series of visions. God is in control & God is going to win! |
| Reading Revelation as a Whole---Visions | 7 messages to churches (1-3), 7 seals (4-7), 7 trumpets (8-11), unnumbered visions (12-15), 7 plagues (15-19), more unnumbered visions (19-22) |
| Which group is portrayed most favorably by the authors of the NT? Sadduccees, Pharisees, Samaritans, or Zealots? | Samaritans |
| Which Essene practices were later adopted by early Christians? | Communal meals, ritual baptism, apocalyptic expectations |
| For many Jews, a passage from which book of the Hebrew Bible explicitly disqualified Jesus from messianic status? | Deuteronomy- "Cursed is he who hangs on a tree" |
| Which book of the Hebrew Bible refers to the "suffering servant" later used in Christian interpretations of Jesus' death? | Isaiah |
| 1 Maccabees 8 narrates a peaceful partnership between the Hasmonians (Maccabees) and what foreign empire? | Roman |
| Roman power was experienced at the local level through what occupations? | Tax collectors & soldiers |
| True or False: the Roman Empire was built upon & expanded the influence of Greek culture and Hellenism | True |
| True or False: When the Roman Empire expanded into new lands & cultures, they generally tolerated local religion traditions. | True |
| True or False: The Essenes, who produced the Dead Sea Scrolls near their settlement in Qumran, were an ascetic, apocalyptic Jewish sect. | True |
| True or False: To describe Jesus' reappearance, Paul uses the term Parousia, which refers to a public ceremony that accompanied the arrival of the Roman emperor or other high official in a provincial town. | True |
| True or False: Although Matthew appears first in the canon, a large majority of scholars believe Mark is the earliest Gospel. | True |
| True or False: As an eyewitness, Mark had direct, primary access to Jesus and the apostles. | False |
| True or False: Unlike Matthew & Luke, Mark does not include traditions about Jesus' birth, or about his post-resurrection appearances. | True |
| True or False: Of all the evangelists, Matthew accords the highest honor to Paul. | False |
| Harmonization | Attempt to reconcile contradictions in the gospels |
| Synopsis | Presentation of Gospel texts side-by-side |
| In Acts, who is Luke's heroic exemplar of true Christianity? | Paul |
| According to Acts 15, where does the 1st church council in history take place? | Jerusalem |
| Of all his genuine letters, which is the only one Paul addressed to a congregation he had not visited? | Romans |
| True or False: Acts opens in Rome, and ends in Jerusalem. | False |
| True or False: Attributing long speeches to his leading characters, Luke follows standard Greco-Roman authorial practices. | True |
| True or False: The apostle Peter presides over the first half of Acts, while Paul dominates the second half. | True |
| True or False: Before experiencing his apocalypse (revelation), Paul was a Sadducee who persecuted Christians. | False |
| True or False: Most of Paul's letters were composed under the pressure of meeting an emergency in a given church. | True |
| The practice of creating new works in the name of a famous deceased author in the ancient Hellenistic and Jewish world is referred to as... | Pseudonymity |
| According to Colossians, which supernatural entities were being worshipped by the congregation in violation of Paul's directives? | Angels |
| Which of the authenticated Pauline letters is Colossians closely related to? | Philemon |
| According to 2 Thessalonians, the End will not begin until which of the following events occurs? | Evil, or the anti-Christ is revealed in human form |
| Within Hebrews, which day of the Jewish calendar is allegorically linked to Christ's crucifixion? | Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) |
| True or False: The NT books James, Jude, 1 & 2 Peter, & 1-3 John are collectively known as the "Catholic Epistles" | True |
| True or False: The author of Hebrews connects the high priesthood of Jesus to the king-priest figure Josiah, who appears in the book of Genesis. | False |
| True or False: In Hebrew, Jesus serves as both the priest & sacrifice offered by the priest in the heavenly tabernacle. | True |
| True or False: In Hebrews 1&2, it is argued that Jesus is superior to angels. | True |
| True or False: The authorship of Colossians is often disputed by those who believe its Christology (or view of Jesus' divinity) is too "advanced" to have been written in Paul's day. | True |
| To whom is the epistle 1st Peter addressed? | Christians scattered throughout the Roman empire |
| Which belief system is heavily denounced within the letters ascribed to John? | Docetism (deny Jesus' humanity) |
| What does the author of 2nd John establish as the cardinal criterion for judging entrance into the Johannine community? | Love |
| Which animal represents Christ in his initial incarnation? (Revelation) | Lamb |
| According to Revelation, how long will Christ reign during Satan's imprisonment? | 1000 Years |
| True or False: Of the Catholic Epistles, 4 are ascribed to John, and 1 to Jude. | False |
| True or False: In Revelation, Jesus appears as a universally powerful, conquering warrior-king who punishes his enemies. | True |
| True or False: Revelation's structure resembles a triangle, with the narrative beginning on Earth, ascending to Heaven, then returning to Earth for its conclusion. | False (circular) |
| True or False: Addressing a common social problem, the author of the Letter of James denounces all forms of snobbery as alien to Christian faith. | True |
| True or False: The Letter of 2 Peter insists that with the coming of the Parousia the present world will be destroyed by fire. | True |
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