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Biology 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| which of the following best describes ecology? | the interaction between organisms and their enviroment |
| explain the difference between exponential growth and logistic growth, and describe what happens as a population approach carrying capacity | Exponential growth occurs when resources are unlimited, causing a population to grow rapidly in a J-shaped curve. Logistic growth occurs when resources are limited, leading to an S-shaped curve. |
| true or false: competitive exclusion states that two species with identical niches can coexist indefinitely in the same environment | False; one species will outcompete the other, leading to exclusion |
| why are most food chains limited to about 4-5 trophic levels | energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient |
| What is the pressure that drives evolution? | Niche partitioning |
| What are the 4 factors density is dependent on? | Births, Deaths, Immigration, emigration |
| What is the Definition of predation? | One species kills and consumes another |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? | Entropy is always increased and energy is lost as heat. |
| What is a biogeography? | Study of where species live and why. |
| What is a survivorship curve? | A graph showing how many individuals survive at each age. |
| What is a niche? | a species role in it's environment |
| What percentage of sunlight is used for photosynthesis ? | 1% |
| How much energy moves to the next level in a food chain? | 10% |
| What are the main four factors that affect climate? | temperature, precipitation, wind, and sunlight |
| Define Metapopulation | Metapopulation is a set of populations linked by immigration and emigration |
| Define Symbiosis | When two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with each other |
| What does the Law of Conservation of Energy state? | The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy can either be created or destroyed |
| List the physical laws that affect ecosystems | First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics, Law of Conservation of Mass. |
| What are the living and nonliving levels of ecology? | Living - Organismal Ecology, Population Ecology, Community Ecology Nonliving - Ecosystem Ecology, Landscape Ecology, Global Ecology |
| What are the types of survivorship curves? | Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 |
| Food chain vs. Food Web | Food web is who is eating who. Food chain is the primary, seconday, teritary consumers. |
| What is evaportranspiration? | How much water is being lost from the soil - via transpiration |
| What is character displacement? | The act where species divide recourses in order to reduce competition. |
| Describe the role of producers in an ecosystem. | Producers convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis, which forms the base of the food chain. They provide energy for all other organisms. |
| Define and give examples of density independent vs. density dependent factors. | Density independent factors are abiotic factors where population doesn’t matter, this includes fires and draughts. Density dependent factors are biotic and are affected by population, this includes competition, disease, predation, and stress. |
| List the levels of ecology, differentiate biotic and abiotic. | Organismal, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Landscape, Global- ecosytems include non-living aspects as well |
| Describe the 3 main characteristics of populations. | Density: species in a given area, Dispersion: how organisms move around in an area, Demographic: rates of change of organisms in an area |
| What are the main six aquatic ecosystem zones? | benthic, pelagic, intertidal, photic, aphotic, and abyssal |
| What are the three types of dispersion? | uniform, clumped, and random |
| What are the barriers to dispersal? | abiotic, biotic, and physical |
| What are some density dependent factors? | disease, predation, and competition |
| Density Independent Factors | fire and drought |
| K selected | few young, they do care for them |
| R selected | lot of young, not cared for |
| Example of Type 1 | humans |
| Example of Type 2 | birds |
| Example of Type 3 | sea turtles |
| fundamental niche | all the places you can be |
| realized niche | where you actually are |
| t/f abiotic is non-living things? | true |
| uniform dispersal | organisms living an equal distance from each other |
| random dispersal | organisms living anywhere |
| clumped dispersal | organisms living in groups |
| T/F: commensalism is a positive/negative interaction | false, it is actually a positive/neutral interaction |
| describe what critical load is | critical load is the amount of chemicals that can be added without damaging the ecosystem |
| True or False: Is population a group of individuals of a single species living in the same area? | True |
| What is a keystone species? | If the keystone species were removed, the whole ecosystem would change |
| What is the study of an ecosystem classified as? | The sum of all organisms living in an area and the abiotic factors they interact with |
| Type 1 Curve | survive well in youth |
| Type 2 Curve | equally likely to die at any age |
| Type 3 Curve | Most die young, live long time afterward if they survive youth |
| What is heberivory? | Herbivory is when an organism consumes part of another organism without killing it. |
| In parasitism, the parasite: | Benefits while the host is harmed |
| Why is energy flow in ecosystems not 100% efficient? | Energy is lost as heat during metabolic processes at each trophic level, so only a portion is transferred to the next level. |
| Which of the following best describes how energy and matter move through an ecosystem? | Energy flows through the ecosystem, while matter is recycled |
| Which of the following scenarios best represents a biotic and abiotic interaction at the ecosystem level? | A tree absorbing sunlight and water to produce glucose. |
| What does NPP stand for and what does it mean? | It stands for net primary production, which can be explained as the net amount of energy (or biomass) produced by plants |
| what is acidic precipitation (acid rain) and how does it affect the ecosystem? | he pollution in air combines with the water particles that are turned into rain. Over an extended period of time this lowers the PH of rain. |
| What does it mean to be omnivorous? | Eats multiple trophic levels |
| batesian mimicry | non-toxic mimics toxic |
| mullerian mimicry | both toxic |
| community ecology | just biotic (just organisms) |
| ecosystem ecology | abiotic (sunlight) |
| what are the four types of interactions? | predation, herbivory, symbiosis, and parasitism |
| endo-parasites | inside, such as a virus |
| ecto-parasites | outside, such as a tick |
| postive-positive interaction | mutualism (Lichen) |
| positive-neutral interaction | commenalism (cattle egret) |
| positive-negative interaction | parasitism, herbivory, and predation |
| primary succession | lava flow, pioneer make soil |
| secondary succession | fire, flood, soil intact |
| dominant species | main species, most biomass |
| keystone species | important to proper functioning of ecosystem |
| natural selection | random selection of best traits survive and reproduce (best adapted to survive) |
| artifical selection | humans select traits |
| what happens to a community after a disturbance? | pioneer species- mid species- climax community |
| what are some limits on aquatic ecosystems and their abilities to produce biomass? | light- photic and aphotic nutrients- N and P |
| Organismal Ecology | biotic, one living thing (human, tree) |
| Population Ecology | biotic, a group of all the same species living in the same area (all deer in a forest) |
| Community Ecology | biotic, groups of different species living in the same area (birds, insects, and mammals in a forest) |
| Ecosystem Ecology | abiotic, community without the living aspects (pond or coral reef) |
| Landscape Ecology | abiotic, contains many ecosystems (river, valley with multiple habitats) |
| Global Ecology | abiotic, whole planet (biosphere) |
| benthic | floor |
| pelagic | open ocean |
| photic | top layer of water where light penetrates |
| aphotic | no light, below photic |
| abyssal | deepest part of the ocean |
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