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AP exam study
units 1-8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Maize Cultivation | Spread of corn from Mexico to the SW. Impact: Shifted tribes from nomadic to settled agricultural societies. |
| The Columbian exchange (1492) | Transfer of plants, animals, and germs. Impact: 90% Native mortality; European population boom from potatoes/corn. |
| Encomienda System (1500s) | Spanish crown granting Native labor to colonists. Impact: Brutal exploitation; eventually replaced by African chattel slavery. |
| Mercantilism (1650-1770s) | Economic theory that colonies exist to enrich the mother country. Theme: Led to Navigation Acts and early colonial friction. |
| The First great awakening (1730s-40s) | 1730s religious revival. Impact: Challenged authority; first shared national experience among the 13 colonies. |
| House of burgesses (1619) | first representative assembly in the colonies. Theme: Established a 150-year tradition of self-rule. |
| Chesapeake vs. New England (1607 vs 1620) | Contrast in settlement (Chesapeake for profit/tobacco; NE for religion/family). Impact: Created distinct regional identities. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | Forbade settlement west of Appalachians. Impact: Ended "Salutary Neglect"; fueled revolutionary sentiment. |
| Stamp Act (1765) | First direct tax on colonists. Impact: Led to "No taxation without representation" and the Sons of Liberty. |
| Common sense (1776) | Thomas Paine’s pamphlet using Enlightenment logic. Impact: Convinced the masses to support independence from Britain. |
| Articles of Confederation (1781-1789) | The first, weak US government. Impact: Proved too weak to tax or handle Shays’ Rebellion. |
| The great compromise (1787) | Settled the debate between large and small states. Impact: Created the House (population) and Senate (equal). |
| Federalist vs. Anti Federalists (1787-1788) | Debate over the Constitution. Impact: Resulted in the addition of the Bill of Rights. |
| Washington's Farewell Address (1796) | Warned against parties and foreign entanglements. Theme: Set the "Neutrality" standard for 100 years. |
| Marbury vs. Madison (1803) | Established Judicial Review. Impact: SCOTUS can strike down laws; grew federal power. |
| The Market Revolution (1800-1850) | Shift to manufacturing, canals, and railroads. Theme: Linked the North/West; created the "Cult of Domesticity." |
| Monroe Doctrine (1823) | Warned Europe against colonizing the Americas. Impact: Declared US dominance in the Western Hemisphere. |
| Second Great awakening (1790-1840) | Religious movement focused on perfectionism. Impact: Fueled Abolition, Temperance, and Women's Rights. |
| The American System (1815-1824) Post war of 1812 | Tariffs, National Bank, and Internal Improvements. Theme: Attempt to unify the national economy. |
| Nullification Crisis (1832-1833) | SC tried to ignore federal tariffs. Impact: Early preview of the Civil War; Federal vs. State power clash. |
| Seneca Falls convention (1848) | 1848 women’s rights meeting. Impact: Issued "Declaration of Sentiments" demanding suffrage. |
| Manifest destiny (term coined in 1840s) | Belief that expansion to the Pacific was "God’s will." Impact: Led to the Mexican-American War and territory disputes. |
| Compromise of 1850 | Attempt to settle slavery in the West; included Fugitive Slave Act. Impact: Enraged Northerners and radicalized abolitionism. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 | Used "Popular Sovereignty" to decide slavery. Impact: Resulted in "Bleeding Kansas" and the birth of the Republican Party. |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857 | Ruled Black people weren't citizens and Congress couldn't ban slavery. Impact: Made compromise impossible. |
| Emancipation Proclamation 1863 | Lincoln’s war decree. Impact: Shifted the war's purpose from "Union" to "Abolition." |
| 13th,14th,15th Amendments (1865-1870) | Ended slavery, gave citizenship/equal protection, and Black male suffrage. Theme: "Second Founding" of the US. |
| Compromise of 1877 | Withdrew federal troops from the South. Impact: Ended Reconstruction; paved the way for Jim Crow laws. |
| Gilded Age (1870s-1900) | Term for a society with massive wealth but deep corruption. Impact: Rise of monopolies (Rockefeller/Carnegie). |
| Social Darwinism 1870s-1880s | "Survival of the fittest" in society. Theme: Used to justify the wealth gap and oppose government intervention. |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896 | Established "Separate but Equal." Impact: Legally sanctioned Jim Crow segregation for decades. |
| New South (1877-1900) Post reconstruction vision | Attempt to industrialize the South after the war. Impact: Failed for most; sharecropping replaced slavery as the labor system. |
| Populist Party 1892-(official formation) | Farmers' movement against railroads and the gold standard. Impact: Later influenced the Progressive Era reforms. |
| The Dawes Act 1887 | Divided tribal lands into individual plots. Impact: Systematic destruction of Native communal culture. |
| The Turner thesis 1893 | Argued the frontier was closed and had defined American character. Impact: Used to justify overseas imperialism. |
| Progressive Era (1890-1920) | Reform movement to fix Gilded Age problems. Impact: Led to 19th Amendment (Suffrage) and trust-busting. |
| Spanish-American War 1898 | War for Cuban independence. Impact: The US gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines (Imperialism). |
| The Great Migration (1916-1970) First wave during ww1 | Millions of Black Americans moving North. Impact: Harlem Renaissance; demographic shifts in northern cities. |
| First red scare 1919-1920 | Post-WWI fear of communism. Impact: Led to strict immigration quotas (1924) and Palmer Raids. |
| The New Deal 1933-1939 | Massive government spending to fight the Depression. Theme: Shift to a "Safety Net" government. |
| Lend-Lease act 1941 | US aid to Allies before entering WWII. Impact: Effectively ended US neutrality while technically staying out of war. |
| Executive Order 9066 (1942) | Relocated Japanese-Americans to internment camps. Impact: Major civil liberties violation; justified as "military necessity." |
| Manhattan Project (1942-1945) | Secret development of the atomic bomb. Impact: Changed global warfare and led to the Cold War. |
| Containment 1947 | Policy of stopping the spread of communism. Impact: Led to Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and the Korean War. |
| Brown vs. Board of Education 1954 | Ruled school segregation unconstitutional. Impact: Overturned Plessy; spark for the Civil Rights Movement. |
| McCarthyism (1950-1954) | Paranoia regarding communist spies in government. Impact: Restricted civil liberties and ruined thousands of careers. |
| Civil Right act of 1964 | Banned discrimination in public and employment. Impact: Major victory of the movement; ended legal Jim Crow. |
| The Great society (1964-1965) | LBJ’s war on poverty and Medicare/Medicaid. Theme: Expansion of modern liberalism. |
| Vietnam War (1965-1973) | War to stop communism in SE Asia. Impact: Created massive domestic protest and a deep distrust of the government. |
| Watergate Scandal (1972-1974) | Nixon’s abuse of power and resignation. Impact: Forever damaged public trust in the Presidency. |
Created by:
smythj