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Lab Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Eosinophil | Multilobed (2-3); Headphone-shaped; Attack parasitic worm |
| Red Blood Cell (Anucleated) | Carry O2 |
| Monocyte | Horse-shaped; Can turn into macrophages & leave bloodstream |
| Basophil | Most granulated; Call other WBCs (release histamine) & act as a vasodilator |
| Neutrophil | Multilobed (2-5) & Bacterial infection |
| Platelets/ thrombocyte | Blood clotting to prevent bleeding |
| Lymphocyte | Heavy lifter of immune system |
| Hematocrit | (Height of rbc column/ Height of total # of blood) * 100 |
| Blood vessel layersw | tunica intima, media, and externa |
| Artery | tunica media is thicker & inner walls are bumpy |
| Vein | tunica externa is thicker & inner walls are smooth |
| Brachiocephalic artery | bring O2+ to head and neck |
| Common iliac artery | bring O2+ to groin area |
| Radial artery | bring O2+ to radial reigion/ forearm |
| Hepatic artery | bring O2+ to liver |
| Subclavian artery | drain blood from shoulder area |
| Popliteal vein | drain O2 from knee area |
| Renal vein | drain O2 from kidneys |
| Ulnar vein | drain O2 from ulnar area/ forearm |
| Common carotid areas | bring O2+ to face & neck |
| Femoral artery | bring O2+ to thigh |
| Popliteal artery | bring O2+ to knee, calf, & foot |
| Brachial artery | bring blood to upper arm |
| Ulnar artery | bring blood to pinky side of forarm |
| Abdominal aorta | largest artery in the abdominal artery; supplies other arteries |
| Celiac trunk | bring blood to foregut |
| Mesenteric arteries | bring blood to the intestines |
| Common hepatic artery | bring blood to liver |
| Renal artery | bring blood to kidneys |
| Splenic artery | bring blood to spleen |
| SVC | drains blood from upper extremities |
| IVC | drains blood from lower extremities |
| Hepatic vein | drain from the liver into the IVC |
| Hepatic portal | drain from the GI tract, spleen, pancreas, & gallbladder directly to the liver |
| Splenic vein | drain from the spleen |
| Renal vein | drain from the liver into the IVC |
| common iliac vein | drain from pelvis & lower limbs to IVC |
| Brachiocephalic vein | drain blood from the head, neck & arms |
| Great Saphenous vein | longest vein; drains from the superficial leg tissues to the heart |
| Foramen ovale | help bring blood from Right atrium to Left atrium |
| Umbilical veins | bring O2+ from placenta to fetus |
| Umbilical artery | bring O2- from fetus to placenta |
| Ductus arteriosus | connect pulmonary artery to aorta which diverts blood away from lungs |
| Ductus venosus | shunts blood from umbilical vein to IVC which bypasses liver |
| Systole | heart contracts |
| Diastole | heart relaxes |
| Apical pulse | heartbeat heart at the apex of the heart |
| Pulse deficit | difference between apical pulse and peripheral pulse |
| Ventricles filling | Atria & Ventricles are in diastole AV valves open, SL valves close Pressure difference (atria>ventricles) open AV valves P wave occurs |
| Ventricular systole A: | atria in diastole - almost empty (Isovolumetric contraction phase) AV valves close Ventricles depolarizes & starting systole pressure build but not enough to open SL valves |
| Ventricular systole B | sustaining ventricle contraction (Ejection phase) + BP Open SL valve blood leave ventricle |
| Isovolumic relaxation | (All valves closed) 2 independent & isolated ventricles sitting next to each other but the # of volume SL valves close due to backflow Ventricles are closed & isolated |
| Glottis | opening in the airway composed of vestibular folds and the true vocal cords |
| Thyroid cartilage: | makes up the wall of the larynx |
| Cricoid cartilage | forms a ring that connects the larynx to the trachea |
| Tracheal cartilages | below cricoid cartilage Keeps trachea open |
| Epiglottis | elastic cartilage that covers the trachea to prevent entry of solid objects |
| Arytenoid cartilage | open/close vocal cords like a ‘door’ Role of ability to talk |
| Apex | the top tip of the lung, helps in lung expansion during breathing |
| Hilus | the entry or exit point for bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves into the lungs |
| Base | the bottom part of the lung, rests on the diaphragm and supports lung expansion |
| Cardiac notch | an indentation on the left lung to make space for the heart |
| Lobes and fissures | lobes are sections of the lungs right-> 3 and left -> 2, fissures are the grooves that separate them, they help organize lung tissue for efficient airflow. |
| Pulmonary vein | carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart |
| Pulmonary artery: | carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs |
| Bronchus | the main air passages that carry air from the trachea into the lungs |
| Pleura | a double-layered membrane around the lungs that reduces friction during breathing |
| Bronchiole (small branches) | Bring air between bronchi to alveoli |
| Alveolar duct | connect bronchioles to alveolar sac |
| Alveoli | site of gas exchange |
| Elastic fibers | allow the alveoli walls to stretch during air intake for greater surface area |
| Capillaries | enable O2 to diffuse from alveoli into the blood & CO2 to transfer from blood to alveoli to be exhaled |
| bronchus | with hyaline cartilage |
| bronchiole | no hyaline cartilage |
| Total lung capacity (TLC) | the sum of all of the lung volumes (TV, ERV, IRV, and RV), which represents the total amount of air a person can hold in the lungs after a forceful inhalation |
| Vital capacity (VC) | the amount of air a person can move into or out of lungs, |
| Inspiratory capacity (IC) | the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled past a normal tidal expiration |
| Inspiratory capacity (IC) | the sum odf the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume |
| Functional residual capacity (FRC) | amount of air that remains in the lung after a normal tidal expiration |
| Functional residual capacity (FRC) | the sum of the expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. |
| Central vein | drains blood into the hepatic vein |
| Hepatocytes | process the nutrients, toxins, & waste via blood |
| Pancreatic islets | produce hormones that regulate blood sugar |
| Acinar cells | secrete the enzyme-rich pancreatic juice into tiny merging ducts |
| Gastric pits | releases vital enzymes, acid, and mucus into the stomach for digestion and discrete hydrochloric acid |
| Goblet cells | Appear white- rounded; produce mucus |
| Intestinal crypts | tubular, gland-like located at the base of villi; houses goblet cells |
| Vili | “Finger like projections”; increase the surface area of the epithelium |
| Mucosa | absorption & secretion |
| Submucosa | C.T. that contains blood vessels, glands, & nerves |
| Muscularis Circular layer | constricts lumen for segmentation |
| Muscularis longitudinal layer | shorten tracts for propulsion (peristalsis) |
| Serosa | outer covering to reduce friction |
| Pyloric sphincter | S.M. that controls stomach emptying into the duodenum |
| Duodenum | Chemical digestion |
| Cecum | revives chyme |
| Ileocecal valve | controls flow into large intestine |
| Appendix | serves as a reservoir for intestinal bacteria |
| Esophagus | moves food via peristalsis |
| Stomach | mechanical & chemical digestion |
| Liver | produce bile |
| Pancreatic duct | delivers enzymes to duodenum |
| Small intestine | cause chyme to spiral, rather than move in straight line to provide more time needed for nutrients to be fully absorbed |
| Duodenum | First part; major site of chemical digestion |
| Rectum | stores feces |
| Anal canal | elimination |
| Cystic duct | connects gallbladder to bile duct |
| Common bile duct | Drains bile into the small intestine |
| Kupffer cells | phagocytes that remove bacteria & debris |
| Central vein | collects blood from sinusoids |
| Portal triad | Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, & bile duct |
| Renal Pelvis | funnels urinte into u |
| Cortex | outer region of kidney |
| Cortex | contain nephrons |
| Medulla | inner region of kidney |
| Kidney | highly vascular |
| Medulla & Cortex | urine production |
| Medullary Pyramid | Urine transport to papilla |
| Renal Pelvis | Funnels urine into ureter from the calyces |
| Renal vein | carry filtered blood away |
| Renal artery | carry blood to be filtered |
| Ureters | transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| Major calyces | drain urine into the renal pelvis from minor calyces |
| Minor calyces | drain urine into major calyces from papillae |
| Segmental artery | Branch from renal artery to interlobar artery |
| Cortical radiate arteries/veins | Branch from acuate to afferent |
| Interlobar arteries/veins | Branch from segmented to acuate |
| Renal Corpuscle | surrounded by Bowman's corpuscle |
| Renal Corpuscle | site of filtration, produces filtrate |
| Bowman’s capsule | surrounds glomerulus, collects filtrate |
| Glomerulus | capillary network, filters blood under pressure |
| Afferent arteriole | brings blood to glomerulus, larger diameter increases pressure |
| Efferent arteriole | drains blood from glomerulus, smaller diameter maintains pressure |
| Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) | major site of reabsorption, reabsorbs water, glucose and ions, contains microvilli |
| Distal convoluted tube (DCT) | Reabsorb & secrete water & ions; Influenced by hormones (Aldosterone - Na+ reabsorption & PTH - Ca++ reabsorption) |
| Loop of Henle descending limb | permeable to water; water leaves filtrate |
| Descending Limb | Water reabsorption only |
| Ascending Limb | Ion reabsorption only; Impermeable to water |
| Collecting duct | Reabsorb water by hormone; Regulated by ADH |
| Lumen in kidney | collects filtrate |
| Renal Tubules | sorrounds glomerulus Lined by simple cubodial epithelial cells Reabsorption & secretion |
| Uterine tubes/ Oviducts | Transport oocyte from ovary to uterus; site of fertilization |
| Urinary bladder | Stores urine prior to excretion |
| Uterus | Where embryo implants & fetal develops |
| Vagina | Canal connect to uterus’ exterior |
| Ovary | Produce oocytes (eggs) secret estrogen & progesterone |
| Cervix | Connect uterus to vagina; produce mucus & block sperm |
| Prostate | produce alkaline fluid with semen; help activate sperm & neutralize activity |
| Urethra | conduct urine & semen separately; passes through the penis |
| Penis | delivers semen |
| Testis | produce sperm & secretes testosterone |
| Vas deferens | transport sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct |
| Seminal vesicles | produce nutrient-rich fluid (mainly fructose) contributing majority of semen volume |
| Epididymis | where sperm maturate |
| Follicular Phase | Oocyte develops inside follicle Follicles mature; estrogen levels increase to stimulate the thickening of the uterine lining (endometrium) Oogenesis: production of female gametes Folliculogensis: growth & development of ovarian follicles |
| Luteal Phase | Formation of corpus luteum (‘yellowish body’); secretes progesterone, inhibiting GnRH production & increased FSH & LH (to start the cycle again); supports possible pregnancy; post-ovulation |
| Ovulation | Rupture follicle triggered by LH surge; release of oocyte from ovary; Occurs around day 14 (typical cycle); between luteal and follicular phase |
| Secretory Phase (16-28) | Endometrium thickens and becomes glandular; corpus luteum produce progesterone; progesterone prepares uterus for implantation |
| Menses Phase (1-5) | Shedding of uterine lining (woman menstruates) Occurs when hormone levels drop w/o pregnancy |
| Proliferative Phase (6-15) | endometrium rebuilds Stimulated by estrogen (follicle-produced) & it promotes LH surge to trigger ovulation |
| Seminiferous tubules | site of sperm production |
| Interstitial cells in testes | produce testosterone |
| Spermatogenic cells | cells that develop into sperm |
| Lumen in testes | central space where sperm are released |
| Follicles | contain developing oocytes |
| Benedict | turn to red when amylase is destroyed |
| IKI | turn to blue when starch is present |
| Enzyme | affected by temperature and pH |
| Amylase substrate | starch and carbohydrate |
| End product of starch digestion | maltose & glucose |
Created by:
FuirzH