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Psychology
chapter 13 TEST
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1st mental asylum | st mary bethelem |
| phillippe pinel | (1745–1826) -pioneering French physician andprimary founder of modern psychiatry - "moral treatment" approach, - care of the mentally ill by replacing physical restraints and abuse with compassion, conversation, and social interaction. |
| greeks + roman's view of psychological disorders | through a blend of early medical science and supernatural belief, transitioning from seeing "madness" as divine punishment to recognizing it as a treatable brain-based, organic illness. |
| psychiatrists vs. psychologists... what they can do + what they need | Psychiatrists medical doctors-bio complex mental illnesses, prescribing medication, and managing overall treatment 12+ed Psychologists (PhD)- psychotherapy, behavioral intervention, and psychological testing, talk therapy rather than meds, 8-10 yr edu |
| psychosurgery | highly precise, modern surgical techniques (like stereotactic cingulotomy) or electrical stimulation (DBS) to treat severe, treatment-refractory psychiatric conditions, primarily OCD, depression, and anxiety |
| lobotomy | discredited, mid-20th-century neurosurgical procedure -severed connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex to treat mental illnesses. - Egas Moniz in 1935, -treat schizophrenia +depression, -causing personality changes, cognitive damage, death |
| ECT -side effects -what it's used for -why it works -how many done a year | Electroconvulsive therapyUS:treatment primarily for severe or treatment-resistant mental health conditions, - electrical stimulation brain under anesthesia. -US:100,000 people -nduced seizure "resets" brain -mem loss -confusion -headache, jaw pain |
| psychotic symptoms | a loss of touch with reality, primarily characterized by hallucinations (sensing things not present) and delusions (false, fixed beliefs) |
| how do antipsychotic drugs work + what symptoms do they work on? | primarily by balancing neurotransmitters—specifically blocking dopamine receptors (D2 receptors) and, in the case of second-generation drugs, modulating serotonin receptors—to reduce brain activity associated with psychosis. |
| lithium is used for...? | treat acute mania, prevent recurring manic-depressive episodes, and treat bipolar disorder |
| SSRIs + how they work | increase serotonin levels in the brain by blocking its reabsorption (reuptake) into neurons, allowing more neurotransmitter to remain in the synaptic cleft to transmit signals |
| social worker vs. a psychologist... educational requirements | -Social workers Master of Social Work (MSW) for clinical roles, -psychologists doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD). - Social workers focus on connecting clients to resources, whereas psychologists specialize in in-depth assessment and psychological testing. |
| main goal of psychotherapy | to improve a person’s quality of life by relieving symptoms of mental distress, changing dysfunctional thought patterns and behaviors, and enhancing daily functioning |
| sigmund freud's therapy | psychoanalysis, is an in-depth, long-term talk therapy designed to make the unconscious conscious, resolving inner conflicts by exploring repressed memories and emotions, particularly from childhood -free associaton therapy |
| sigmund freud's techniques | psychoanalysis, a clinical method designed to treat mental disorders by making unconscious motivations, memories, and emotions conscious. - free association, dream analysis, transference, -released repressed emotions and resolving inner conflicts |
| transference...describe | the unconscious redirection of feelings, desires, and expectations from significant past relationships—often childhood—onto a new person, most commonly a therapist. -goodwill hunting |
| resistance... describe | conscious or unconscious opposition to the therapeutic process, where clients fight against change or repress painful memories. It is a defense mechanism aimed at avoiding emotional discomfort or vulnerability, even when the patient desires growth |
| freud's famous saying abt dreams? | "royal route to the unconscious mind" |
| mainfest content of dreams | actual, literal storyline, images, and events experienced and remembered upon waking, as defined in Freudian dream analysis. It is the surface-level narrative—often bizarre or nonsensical—which disguises deeper, unconscious wishes known as latent content. |
| latent content of dreams | the hidden, unconscious thoughts, desires, and urges that underlie the dream's storyline |
| client-centered therapy... describe + know founder | humanistic, non-directive - Carl Rogers,1940s. -clients possess capacity for self-healing + personal growth, -therapists acting as facilitators providing empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard -help individuals reach self-actualization |
| in client-centered +unconditioned positive regard | -therapists provide complete, non-judgmental acceptance +support, nomatterwhat client says -safe environment for self-exploration + personal growth, -encourage clients to accept themselves -reduce incongruence between their ideal+ real selves |
| humanistic technique focuses on what? | individual’s potential for growth, self-actualization+ positive change, rather than just diagnosing/treating symptoms. - emphasizes present moment, personal responsibility, free will, fostering self-awareness and authentic, non-judgmental acceptance. |
| systematic desensitization | an evidence-based, three-step behavioral therapy used to treat phobias, anxiety disorders, and PTSD by pairing relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to feared stimuli -graded exposure therapy |
| token economy | a behavioral modification system based on operant conditioning, where individuals earn tokens (e.g., stickers, points) for exhibiting desired target behaviors |
| modeling | the process of learning new behaviors, skills, or attitudes by observing and imitating others |
| aversion therapy | controversial behavioral treatment that pairs an unwanted behavior (e.g., smoking, drinking) with an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., nausea-inducing drugs, electric shocks) to create a negative association and break addiction |
| cognitive therapy | structured, short-term, and evidence-based psychotherapy that helps individuals identify and challenge negative or irrational thought patterns, replacing them with healthier, realistic beliefs |
| cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT | form of talk therapy that treats mental health conditions by changing negative thought patterns and behaviors. It is typically short-term and focuses on current, specific problems rather than past trauma.-insomnia,anxiety,chronic pain, depression |
| insulin shock therapy | a 1930s–1950s psychiatric treatment, developed by Manfred Sakel, involving large doses of insulin to induce daily hypoglycemic comas in patients with schizophrenia. |
| light box | ses a specialized,, bright, UV-free light box to treat Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and other mood conditions by mimicking natural outdoor light, effectively regulating circadian rhythms and boosting mood -30 min |
| RTMS | Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation -invasive, FDA-cleared procedure for treatment-resistant depression - magnetic pulses,stimulate brain cells in regions responsible for mood reg -well-tolerated -sidesscalp discomfort/headaches, nosedation |
| reasons why drug therapies are controversial | a complex mix of safety concerns, ethical debates, and societal shifts in how we define illness. |
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