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Sensation/perception
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensation | The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
| Sensory Receptors | Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli |
| Perception | The process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, enabling us to recognize objects and events as meaningful |
| Bottom-up Processing | Information processing that begins with the sensory Receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
| Top-Down Processing | Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
| Selective Attention | Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
| Inattentional Blindness | Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| Change Blindness | Failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness |
| Transduction | Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of physical energy, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neutral impulses the brain can interpret |
| Psychophysics | The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and out psychological experience of them |
| Absolute Threshold | The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time |
| Signal Detection Theory | A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus, amid background stimulation. Assumes here is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness |
| Subliminal | Below one's absolute Threshold for conscious awareness |
| Difference Threshold | The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detention 50 percent of the time |
| Priming | The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response |
| Weber's Law | The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage |
| Sensory Adaptation | Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
| Perceptual Set | A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
| Wavelength | The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next |
| Hue | The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names |
| Intensity | The amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness |
| Cornea | The eye's clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris |
| Pupil | The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
| Iris | A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening |
| Lens | The transparent structure behind the pupil that changed shape to help focus images on the retina |
| Retina | The light-sensitive back inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information |
| Accommodation | The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus images of near or far objects on the retina |
| Rods | Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond |
| Cones | Retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions |
| Optic Nerve | The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| Blind Spot | The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there |
| Fovea | The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster |
| Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three color) theory | The theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color |
| Opponent-Process Theory | The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision |
| Feature Detectors | Nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement |
| Parallel Processing | Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously |
Created by:
kjdavis9905