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exrectory system
Bio 102
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Excretion | Removal of wastes and excess solutes from the body |
| Main organ of urinary system | Kidneys |
| Other urinary system structures | Ureters, bladder, urethra |
| Kidney function | Produces urine by filtering blood |
| Ureters function | Carry urine from kidneys to bladder |
| Bladder function | Stores urine |
| Urethra function | Carries urine out of the body |
| Basic excretory system structure | Tube associated with blood vessels |
| Filtration | Removal of water and small solutes from blood to form filtrate |
| Reabsorption | Return of useful substances from filtrate to blood |
| Secretion | Addition of wastes and toxins into filtrate |
| Excretion (process) | Elimination of urine from the body |
| Nephron | Functional unit of the kidney |
| Number of nephrons per kidney | About 1 million |
| Nephron structure | Long tubule associated with capillaries |
| Bowman’s capsule function | Site of filtrate formation |
| Glomerulus | Capillary network where filtration occurs |
| Filtrate | Fluid filtered from blood containing small molecules |
| What cannot enter filtrate | Blood cells and large proteins |
| Reason large molecules are excluded | Filtration barrier is size-selective |
| Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) function | Major site of reabsorption |
| What is reabsorbed in PCT | Water, nutrients, ions |
| Transport in PCT | Active transport of NaCl, osmosis of water |
| Additional role of PCT | Secretion of drugs and toxins |
| Descending limb of loop of Henle function | Reabsorbs water |
| Descending limb permeability | Permeable to water, not ions |
| Mechanism in descending limb | Water exits by osmosis |
| Ascending limb of loop of Henle function | Reabsorbs NaCl |
| Ascending limb permeability | Impermeable to water |
| Transport in ascending limb | Passive and active transport of ions |
| Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) function | Regulates ion balance and pH |
| Processes in DCT | Selective reabsorption and secretion |
| Collecting duct function | Final adjustment of urine composition |
| Key role of collecting duct | Regulates water reabsorption |
| Hormonal control of collecting duct | Adjusts permeability to water |
| Renal pelvis | Region where urine collects before entering ureter |
| Greatest reabsorption location | PCT |
| Nephron region controlling pH | DCT |
| Osmosis | Movement of water across membrane from low solute to high solute concentration |
| Passive diffusion | Movement of molecules down concentration gradient without energy |
| Active transport | Movement of molecules against gradient using energy |
| Hypertonic environment | Higher solute concentration outside nephron draws water out |
| Role of NaCl and urea | Create hyperosmotic environment for water reabsorption |
| Percentage of water reabsorbed | About 99% |
| Hormone regulating water balance | ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
| ADH function | Increases water reabsorption in collecting duct |
| Source of ADH | Hypothalamus (released via pituitary) |
| Effect of alcohol on ADH | Inhibits ADH production |
| Result of low ADH | Less water reabsorbed, more urine produced |
| Diabetes insipidus | Disorder where ADH signaling is impaired |
| Symptoms of diabetes insipidus | Excessive urination and dehydration |
Created by:
elaina.washburn