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Bio Quiz 3.4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what started mendelian genetics? | pea plants self/cross pollinating |
| what are the 3 generations? | Parental Generation (P) -> 1st Filial Generation (F1) -> 2nd Filial Generation (F2) |
| what are genotypes? | the genetic makeup (GG, Gg, gg, etc.) |
| what are phenotypes? | the physical trait (green, yellow, round, wrinkled, etc.) |
| what does homozygous mean? | pure, GG or gg |
| what does heterozygous mean? | Gg (hybrid) |
| what are alleles? | alternate/different forms of the same gene |
| what is segregation? | alleles separate during gamete formation |
| what is independent assortment? | alleles for different traits do not affect each other during formation |
| what is monohybrid cross? | cross between parents that are heterozygous for ONE trait |
| how does 1 allele from each parent go to the offspring? | meiosis cuts chromosome number in half when gametes are made which causes 1 allele from each parent to go to offspring. |
| what is probability? | one outcome out of a total |
| what are the ratios for monohybrid cross? | genotypes: 1GG: 2Gg:1gg (1:2:1) phenotypes: 3G:1Y (3:1) |
| for two trait problems, make sure that letters go together when you are reporting your answer but for punnett squares they are with their corresponding letter. | yes |
| what does genotype mean within a two trait context? | represents diploid somatic cell, has 2 alleles for each trait |
| what does gamete mean within a two-trait context? | represents haploid gamete, has 1 allele for each trait. |
| what is a dihybrid cross? | cross between parents that are heterozygous for two traits. |
| genotypes v gametes: | genotypes: GgTt x GgTt gametes: GT, Gt, gT, gt |
| how to figure out gametes from genotypes in a dihybrid cross? | FOIL method. |
| phenotype ratio for dihybrid cross | 9:3:3:1 (dom dom, dom rec, rec dom, rec rec) |
| what is a test cross? | used to figure out genotype of dominant individual by crossing it with recessive individual. |
| for test cross, AA x aa or AABB x aabb equals... | all Aa and all AaBb (dom pheno, dom both) |
| look at notebook for test cross with Aa x aa and AaBb x aabb | ok. |
| what is the ratio in offspring for both geno and pheno for a test cross? | 1:1:1:1 or 1:1 |
| how to simplify ratios? | 1) ratio of current #s, 2) divide each # smallest, 3) round answers to whole #s |
| what are the rules of probability? | SumRule & ProductRule |
| what is the SumRule? | probability of either one of (2 or more) mutually exclusive events is sum of individual probabilities. P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) [this or that A or B] |
| what is the ProductRule? | probability of 2+ independent events happening together is product of individual probabilities. P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B) |
| what are mendel's 3 principles? | principle of dominance, principle of segregation, principle of independent assortment. |
| what is principle of dominance? | one dominant allele, one recessive allele. heterozygous: dominant trait is shown in phenotype. |
| what is principle of segregation? | 2 alleles an individual has for each trait is separate during gamete formation (meiosis). genotype: 2 alleles for each trait, gamete: 1 allele for each trait. |
| what is principle of independent assortment? | only applies when dealing with 2 or more traits at a time. alleles for different traits do NOT affect each other during gamete formation (meiosis). |
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studying11