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AP HUG Unit 7 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agglomeration | Concentration of industries and firms in a particular geographic area, including cost savings, knowledge spillovers, and access to specialized labor. |
| Assembly Line | A manufacturing process in which a product is assembled sequentially as it moves along a conveyor belt or production line. |
| Backwash Effects | Negative economic effects are experienced by regions or industries because of the growth or development of other regions or industries. |
| Barter | The exchange of goods or services directly for other goods or services without using money. |
| Commodity Dependence | The reliance of a country or region on the export of commodities for economic growth and revenue |
| Comparative Advantage | theory says regions should specialize in producing goods or services with the lowest opportunity cost relative to other producers. |
| Dependency Model | theory explains the underdevelopment of certain regions due to historical economic relationships that exploit and marginalize them. |
| Ecotourism | Tourism that focuses on visiting natural areas and promoting conservation, environmental education, and sustainable development. |
| Export Processing Zones (EPZ) | Designated areas within a country where favorable conditions encourage export-oriented manufacturing and foreign investment. |
| Fordism | A system of mass production and consumption characterized by standardized products, assembly-line manufacturing, and relatively high wages for workers |
| Formal Sector | The part of the economy that operates within the legal framework, including registered businesses, wage employment, and government-regulated activities |
| Free Trade zones | Areas within a country where goods can be imported, stored, and processed without being subject to customs duties or other trade barriers. |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | The total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders over a specific period. |
| Gross National Income (GNI) | The total income earned by a country's residents, including domestic and foreign sources, minus any income earned by foreign residents |
| Gross National Product (GNP) | The total value of all goods and services a country's residents produce, including income earned abroad. |
| Growth poles (Growth centers) | Regions or urban areas that serve as focal points for economic development and investment, often leading to the expansion of surrounding areas. |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | is a country's development measure based on life expectancy, education, and income indicators. |
| Industrial Belt | A region with concentrated industrial activity, often marked by interconnected cities and towns. |
| Informal Sector | The part of the economy operating outside formal regulations, including unregistered businesses, self-employment, and casual labor. |
| Just-in-time delivery | production that aims to minimize inventory costs by delivering parts or materials to the production line exactly when needed. |
| Literacy Rate | The percentage of people within a population who can read and write at a specified age or grade level. |
| Maquiladoras | Manufacturing plants, primarily located in Mexico, that import raw materials duty-free for assembly or processing and export the finished products. |
| Neoliberalism | advocates for free-market principles, deregulation, privatization, and limited government intervention in the economy. |
| Offshoring | Relocating business activities or processes to another country, often to take advantage of lower labor costs or regulatory environments |
| Outsourcing | contracting out business functions or processes to external service providers, often in other countries, to reduce costs or access specialized expertise. |
| Primary Sector | The economy sector is concerned with extracting raw materials from the natural environment, such as agriculture, mining, and fishing. |
| Post-Fordist | production methods characterized by flexible production, just-in-time manufacturing, and increased reliance on information technology |
| Quaternary Sector | The economy sector focuses on knowledge-based activities, including research and development, information technology, and professional services |
| Rust Belt | Region is characterized by the decline of traditional manufacturing industries, often marked by abandoned factories and economic distress. |
| Substitution Principle | The practice of replacing human labor with technology or machinery to increase efficiency and reduce costs in production processes. |
| Sustainable Development | meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, integrating economic, social, and environmental goals. |
| Technopoles | Regions or urban areas characterized by a concentration of high- technology industries, research institutions, and skilled labor. |
| Tertiary Sector | The economy sector provides retail, healthcare, education, and finance services. |
| Trade | International agreements and regulations often facilitate the exchange of goods and services between countries or regions. |
| Trading Bloc | Groups of countries form agreements to promote trade and economic cooperation, often by reducing tariffs and trade barriers. |
| In Latin America, data for employment in many large urban areas are most likely to be incomplete because | many people work in the informal sector |
| Using the data in Table 2, which of the following terms best describes the median household income distribution among the five boroughs? | Uneven development |
| Outsourced industrial production in less-developed countries often relies on female labor because | wage rates for women are much lower than for men |
| Rostow’s modernization model is concerned with which of the following concepts? | Economic development |
| Core-periphery models are generally based on the idea that | sharp spatial contrasts in social and economic development exist between economic heartlands and outlying subordinate areas |
| Which of the following correctly classifies the countries in the table by their level of development? | More developed: France; industrializing: India; less developed: Tanzania |
| Environmental laws, labor availability, and access to markets are major factors affecting which of the following? | Manufacturing locations |
| Which of the following best explains the relationship between GDP per capita and world system theory? | There is an uneven distribution of economic development and geographical division of labor in the world. |
| Compared with more-developed countries, which of the following statements is true of less developed countries? | A higher percent of the labor force is engaged in food production . |
| Compare the two images. What do the technologies shown demonstrate about the Industrial Revolution? | The increased transportation technology has enabled the diffusion and expansion of industrial activities. |
| The early stages of the core-periphery model describe the | relationship of power and the transfer of resources from less developed to more developed areas |
| Which of the following best describes Alfred Weber’s analysis of location decisions? | It seeks to minimize costs among multiple inputs of production. |
| The classic model of industrial location theory suggests that the primary consideration in the location of an industrial site is which of the following? | The cost of transportation |
| Which of the following statements best describes the highest level of job-opportunity change as countries shift from the periphery to the semiperiphery level of development? | Secondary sector employment increases as the demand for manufactured products increases. |
| The two images illustrate advancements in technology resulting from the Industrial Revolution. Comparing the images, which of the following statements best illustrates an impact of the Industrial Revolution on society? | The invention of the steam engine and the construction of steel bridges to carry trains across various physical features led to ever-increasing demand for the materials and labor to build more trains and tracks. |
| The popularity of which of the following is an example of the trend toward ecotourism? | National parks in Costa Rica |
| Economic complementarities between two places tend to | occur when each place specializes in commodities demanded by the other |
| Which of the following is the primary geographic effect of the globalization of the economy? | Production is shifted to low-cost locations in developing countries. |
| Debt-for-nature swaps are financial transactions in which a portion of a developing country’s foreign debt is forgiven... Which of the following explains the significance of debt-for-nature programs? | The programs provide a sustainable-development approach to reducing uneven levels of development between countries. |
| Which statement about the employment of men and women in EPZs is most clearly supported by the graph above? | Women make up the vast majority of each country's secondary sector employees. |
| The maquiladoras of northern Mexico are | manufacturing outsourcing plants |
| Which is most responsible for deindustrialization in highly developed countries? | Low wages in developing countries |
| The Internet is reshaping traditional economic arrangements by | expanding the importance of express package delivery systems |
| The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals ... Which of the following statements correctly explains a link between the Sustainable Development Goals and population growth? | Reducing infant mortality rates may slow population growth. |
| Which of the following statements best explains a limitation of the political map shown in conveying economic information? | In the context of free trade, the borders between the member states are irrelevant. |
| Which of the following has contributed most to the deindustrialization of regions like the English Midlands and the North American Manufacturing Belt? | Competition from foreign imports |
| The map shows medical technology growth poles in the United States. Which of the following statements best explains a limitation of the map in showing the geographic context of these growth poles? | Each growth pole location is supported by an international network of researchers and multinational corporate partners. |
| Which of the following best explains a benefit of membership in the European Union? | Member states form a single market, which creates a powerful economic bloc. |
| It is generally agreed that the current trend in climate change is caused by | increased use of fossil fuels |
| Compare the bar graph showing coal mine employment and the line graph showing miner production. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from trends in this data? | Mechanization and computer automation in mining have increased. |
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