Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio midterm 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alleles | any of the alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequnces |
| diploid | having two copies of every chromosome |
| homologous chromosomes | a pair of chromosomes that both contain the same genes; in a diploid cell, one chromosome in the pair is inherited from the mother and one from the father |
| phenotype | the visible or measurable features of an individual |
| genotype | the particular genetic makeup of an individual |
| gametes | sex cells (egg and sperm cells); they are haploid |
| haploid | having only one copy of each chromosome |
| meiosis | a type of cell division that generates genetically unique haploid gametes; halves the total # of chromosomes in a cell from 46 (23 pairs) to 23 individual chromosomes |
| zygote | a diploid cell that is capable of developing into an adult organism; it is formed when a haploid egg is fertilized by a haploid sperm |
| embryo | an early stage of development reached when a zygote undergoes cell division to form a multicellular structure |
| recombination | homologous maternal + paternal chromosomes pair up next to eachother in the cell + physically exchange segments of DNA before they separate during meiosis 1; as a result maternal chromosomes contain segments from paternal chromosomes and vice versa |
| independent assortment | the two chromosomes of each homologous pair become distributed into daughter cells randomly with respect to all other chromosome pairs |
| cardiovascular system | transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and other critical molecules throughout the body; consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels |
| blood | a fluid that contains cells, molecules, and dissolved gasses; one of its main roles is to deliver oxygen to tissues of the body and carry away carbon dioxide waste; O is carried in red blood cells while CO2 is dissolved in blood |
| arteries | carry blood away from the heart |
| veins | return blood to the heart |
| aorta | a major artery carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to body tissues |
| coronary arteries | split off from aorta and curve back to carry oxygen-rich blood to the tissues of the heart itself |
| atherosclerosis | a condition in which fatty deposits and other substances build up in the lining of blood vessels and restrict blood flow in those vessels; sometimes called hardening of the arteries, common cause of heart disease |
| capillaries | tiny blood vessels, located in tissues, where gas and nutrient exchange occurs |
| red blood cells | blood cells specialized for transporting oxygen throughout the body |
| white blood cells | protect us from infection and respond to injuries as part of the immune response |
| platelets | cell fragments that play a critical role in blood clotting |
| pulmonary circuit | circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs |
| systemic circuit | circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body |
| blood pressure | the overall pressure in blood vessels, expressed as the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure |
| systolic pressure | the pressure in arteries at the time the ventricles contract |
| pulse | the detectable force of blood entering arteries, which can be felt in the neck or wrist |
| diastolic pressure | the pressure in arteries when the ventricles are relaxed; blood pressure is expressed as systolic over diastolic; 120/80 is considered normal |
| hypertension | high blood pressure; dangerous because it puts stress on the walls of arteries, causing microscopic tears; these tears provide sites for the buildup of cholesterol, fats, and other substances, ultimately forming plaques |
| stroke | a disruption in blood supply to the brain |
| lipoproteins | spherical particles made of proteins and lipids that contain a cargo of cholesterol in the hydrophobic centers; two main varieties: LDL, HDL |
| low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | carries cholesterol to body cells and can accumulate in the walls of blood vessels, contributing to atherosclerosis |
| high-density lipoprotein (HDL) | carries cholesterol out of blood vessels and delivers it to the liver, where it can be processed into a form that permits its elimination from the body |
| diabetes | a disease characterized by chronically elevated blood sugar levels |
| in vitro fertilization (IVF) | sperm and egg are brought together outside the body to form an embryo that is implanted into a women's uterus |
| oviduct | fallopian tube |
| endometrium | the tissue lining the uterus; becomes enriched with blood vessels to support a potential pregnancy |
| scrotum | sac on skin the testes are contained in outside of the body |
| seminiferous tubules | coiled structures that constitutes the bulk of the testes and in which sperm develop |
| edpidymis | a system of tubes where the sperm mature and are stored until ejaculated |
| vas deferens | paired tubes that carry sperm from the testes to urethra seminiferous tubules > epididymis > vas deferens > urethra |
| embryo | an early stage of development reached when a zygote undergoes cell division to form a multicellular structure |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | acts on structures in ovaries called follicles, each contain an immature egg; signals follicles to enlarge and produce estrogen |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | triggers ovulation |
| follicles | a structure in the ovary where eggs mature |
| ovulation | the release of an egg from an ovary into the oviduct |
| corpus luteum | after the egg has been ovulated, the remaining empty follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | this hormone signals the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone which supports the thickening endometrium |
| androgens | a class of sex hormones, including testosterone, that are present in higher levels in men and cause male-associated traits like deep voice, growth of facial hair, and defined musculature |
| intrauterine insemination (IUI) | sperm are injected directly into the uterus; a con to this is that it is hard to control how many eggs are fertilized |
| binary fission | a type of asexual reproduction in which one parental cell divides into two |
| gene transfer | the process by which bacteria can exchange segments of DNA between them; pieces of DNA pass from one type of bacteria to another |
| evolution | a change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time |
| fitness | an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment |
| natural selection | the higher rate of survival and reproduction of individuals with certain traits within a population |
| directional selection | a type of natural selection in which organisms with phenotypes at one end of spectrum are favored by an environment ex. antibiotic-resistant bacteria, fur color in specific area of pocket mice |
| stabilizing selection | organisms near the middle of the phenotype range of variation are favored by the environment, selecting against both extremes ex. birth weight: under/over weight babies are less fit than medium weight babies |
| diversifying selection | organisms with phenotypes at both extremes of the phenotypic range are favored by the environment ex. finches in environment with only small/large seeds, the ones w/ medium beaks have a hard time eating so small/large beaks have the advantage |
| folate | folic acid; an essential nutrient, necessary for basic cellular processes like DNA replication and cell division; low levels can cause severe birth defects |
| spina bifida | a condition in which the spinal column doesn't close |
| anencephaly | absence at birth of all or most of the brain |
| mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) | genetic material we inherit solely from our mothers; location in the mitochondria of our cells; passes from mothers to offspring essentially unchanged |
| hominids | any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae, the great apes - humans, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos |
Created by:
user-2021466