Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
SPAUD 210: Unit 6
Audiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Peripheral Auditory system | Collect and transform soundwaves from mechanical to electrochemical energy before it goes to brain |
| Central Auditory systen | Interprets electrochemical signals and recognizes, differentiates, and puts sounds together |
| The Auditory system | How the anatomy brings in sound waves and changes them to electrochemical energy Once it hits nervous tissue, it is in the Central Auditory System |
| External Ear | Auricle/Pinna External Auditory Meatus |
| Auricle/Pinna | The part of the ear that you can see helps with localizing sounds |
| External Auditory Meatus | Conducts sound to the ear drum outer 1/3 lined with cilia and cerumen and is cartilaginous slightly s-shaped Inner 2/3 Bone Lined with epithelial tissue tightly bound to cartilage and bone |
| Helix | Top/outside of Auricle/Pinna |
| Antihelix | Ridge farther in from the helix on outer ear |
| Concha | Part that you would put your finger to plug your ear |
| Tragus | Little bump closest to face on outer ear |
| Antitragus | bump closer to the earlobe on outer ear |
| Earlobe/lobule | floppy part on the ear |
| Cymba | top, less deep part of the concha |
| Cave | Deeper hole that is part of the concha |
| Triangular fossa | fossa under helix closest to the face |
| Scaphoid fossa | Fossa under helix |
| Intertragal incisure | pocket in between tragus and antitragus |
| microtia | Someone with an abnormally small pinna |
| Anotia (Aplasia) | Pinna fails to develp |
| Kids External Auditory Meatus | More horizontal than adults, easier to get things stuck |
| Cilia of EAM | filters out the dust |
| Cerumen | Ear wax Keeps inner ear from drying out, traps dust and insects |
| Tympanic membrane | Flat, but curved b/c pulled by malleus Pearly gray (pinkish) 3 layers of tissue Outer cuticular layer Intermediate Fibrous layer - tough - Superficial layer of fibers that radiate out from center - Deep layer of circular fibers Inner mucous layer |
| Malleolar stria | line on tympanic membrane from the malleus |
| Pars flaccida | Looser top part of tympanic membrane |
| Pars tensa | More tense part of tympanic membrane |
| Anterior and posterior malleolar fold | from malleus - 1 oclock - right ear 11 o clock - left ear |
| Cone of light | Mark of a healthy ear drum |
| Perforated tympanic membrane | Heals on its own, can't get it wet |
| Middle ear cavity | Air filled space in ear Contains medial wall which has - oval window, round window, promontory Contains posterior wall which contains pyramidal eminence which has the stapedius muscle |
| Oval window | Bean shape - biggest hole, where footplate of stapes goes in |
| Round window | Keeps seperate the air filled part from the fluid filled part of ear Smaller hole Has some give - can push out to make more space for fluid |
| Promontory | between oval window and round window - little bump |
| Ossicles/middle ear bones | Smallest bones in the body Malleus Incus Stapes |
| Malleus | Club shaped ossicle |
| Incus | Anvil shaped ossicle |
| Stapes | stirrup shaped ossicle |
| Manubrium | Part of malleus that is on the tympanic membrane |
| head of malleus | Top round part of the Malleus |
| Neck of malleus | Under head of malleus |
| Anterior process of malleus | Bigger part that sticks out on malleus |
| Lateral process of malleus | small part that sticks out on malleus |
| Corpus/body of incus | main middle part |
| Short process of incus | smaller sticking out part on incus |
| Long process of incus | bigger part sticking out on incus |
| articular facet | |
| Lenticular process | |
| Tensor tympani | muscle that attaches to anterior process of malleus on top of manubrium |
| head of stapes | Top of stapes |
| Neck of stapes | Under head of stapes |
| footplate on stapes | Base of stapes |
| Crus of stapes | Sides of stapes around the hole |
| Ossicular chain | All of the ossicles attach together When one moves, they all move |
| Stapedius muscle | smallest skeletal muscle in the body inserts into head or neck of stapes Function: primary muscle in acoustic reflex (dampening transmission during loud sounds Innervated by facial nerve |
| Tensor Tympani | inserts into upper manubrium or anterior process of malleus function: involved in acoustic reflex (dampening transmission during loud sounds) innervated by trigeminal |
| Eustachian Tube | Establishes connection between the middle ear and the nasopharynx Normally closed - opens to equalize pressure inside and outside inner ear |
| Kid's eustachian tube | more horizontal and shorter - makes it easier to get ear infection from sickness |
| The Bony Labyrinth | Semicircular canals Vestibule Cochlea |
| The Membranous Labyrinth | Membranous semicircular canals Utricle and Saccule - inside vestibule Cochlear duct - membrane tube inside cochlea |
| Where the internal ear is located | Inside petrous portion of temporal bone |
| Ampulla | Sensory cells of semicircular canal |
| Inner ear | Has fluid - In bony labyrinth - perilymph - In membranous labyrinth - endolymph |
| Cochlea | Goes around 2 5/8 times Different parts of cochlea react to different frequencies of sound Vowels often low frequencies, "s" very high frequency Function: hearing |
| Modiolus | In the middle of cochlea |
| Spiral lamina | The little "mouths" of the pacman looking things when you cut open the cochlea |
| Helicotrema | Very center of cochlea (in the end of the part of swirl in center) |
| Internal Auditory meatus | |
| Scala media | Cochlear duct - specifically the space in it |
| Function of everything in membraneous labyrinth except cochlea | Involved in vestibular system / equilibrium Kinetic part - perception of the rotation and acceleration of the head Static part - perceive position in space in the vertical plane (gravity) |
| Endolymphatic duct | connects utricle and saccule |
| Vestibule | Has the utricle (farther from shell) and saccule (closer to shell) |
| Crista ampulla | Sensory cell of semi-circular canal - embedded in cupula (gel like mass) - Cilia embedded into cupula |
| Vertigo | Feels like everything is spinning Nystagmus |
| Nystagmus | Eyes jumping |
| Tonotopic | Different parts of the cochlea react to different frequencies of sound |
| Scala tympani | Bony area filled with perilymph under the cochlear duct |
| Scala vestibuli | Bony area filled with perilymph above the cochlear duct and Reissner/Vestibular membrane |
| Reissner/vestibular membrane | The membrane that separates the Scala vestibuli from the cochlear duct |
| Basilar membrane | The membrane that is in between scala tympani and cochlear duct Base of Spiral Organ of Corti Moves to make hair cells move |
| Supporting cells in the spiral organ of corti | Inner phalangeal cells Rods of corti/pillar cells Outer phalangeal cells |
| The receptor (sensory) cells of the spiral organ of corti | Inner hair cells and outer hair cells |
| Inner phalangeal cells | Hold the inner hair cells |
| Rods of Corti/Pillar cells | The two beams around the inner tunnel of Corti |
| Inner tunnel of Corti | The area in the bottom part between the rods of Corti/Pillar cells |
| Outer phalangeal cells | Holds the outer hair cells |
| Inner hair cells | Primary at sensing sounds - change sound vibrations into neural signals One row of them |
| Outer hair cells | Involved in sensing sounds - enhances the sensitivity of hearing 3 rows of them |
| Apical end of basilar membrane | Toward the top of the cochlea in the basilar membrane - where low frequencies are Wide and flaccid |
| basal end of basilar membrane | Toward the bottom of the cochlea in the basilar membrane - where the high frequencies are Narrow and tense |
| Tectorial membrane | Where the hairs hit and bend on |
| Tiplinks | Link the tips of the hair cells to each other Make it so that if one bends, they all bend together |
| Stereocilia | The hairs on the inner and outer hair cells |
| Outer ear function | Pinna and external auditory meatus enhance certain sounds that are between 2000Hz and 4000Hz |
| Impedance | A resistance to the flow of energy Water has a greater impedance than air |
| Middle ear function | Reduces area in order to reduce pressure so that dB is increased and able to travel through the fluid filled part of the ear. |
| Ratio of the tympanic membrane area to that of the oval window | 17:1 produces an increase of about 25 dB *Total an increase of 27-30dB throughout |
| Cochlea: Membrane, sensory cells, membrane cover | - Cochlear duct - Spiral organ of Corti - Tectorial membrane |
| Semicircular canals - membrane, sensory cells, membrane cover | - membranous semicircular canals - Crista ampullaris - Cupola |
| Vestibule - membrane, sensory cells, membrane cover | - utricle, saccule - macula - otolithic membrane |
| Shape of inner and outer hair cells | inner - tear drop outer - test tube |
| Number of inner and outer hair cells | Inner - 3,500 (less) Outer - 12,000 (lots) |
| Relation to tectorial membrane - inner and outer hair cells | Inner - previously thought not to be embedded Outer - firmly embeded |
| Innervation of inner and outer hair cells | Inner - Innervated by up to 10 afferent nerve fibers Outer - Up to 10 outer hair cells innervated by 1 efferent fiber |
| Impedance-Matching Functions | Ratio of tympanic membrane to oval window Length of manubrium to stapes |
| Inner ear function | Vestibular mechanism Auditory mechanism Spectral analysis |
| Spectral analysis | Extracting or defining the various frequency (pitch) and intensity (loudness) components of a given signal A computer is able to do this, but so does our brain |
| Mechanical Transmission | Transmission of sound waves from air to fluid Traveling/standing wave Shearing action Bending of stereocilia |
| Traveling/standing wave | Crests at the different parts of the cochlea based on different frequencies |
| Shearing action | Inner hair cells are thought to be moved just by the movement of the endolymph/basilar membrane |
| Electrical transmission of auditory signal | Stereocilia bend which opens up ion channel for potassium and calcium They hit glutamate which go down the nerve and carry the signal |
| Auditory Pathways to the Brain | cochlear nerve Cochlear nucleus Superior Olivary complex Lateral Lemnisus Inferior Colliculus Medial Geniculate body Auditory cortex |
| Cochlear nerve and Cochlear nucleus | First part of the auditory pathway |
| Superior Olivary Complex | First part of auditory pathway that brain gets information from both ears |
| Lateral lemniscus | Group of axons that carry on the message coming from the superior olivary complex |
| Inferior Colliculus (As a part of Auditory pathway) | Where the pathway goes after coming from Lateral lemniscus |
| Medial Geniculate Nucleus | Little nucleus in the Thalamus that the auditory signal goes through before hitting the auditory cortex |
| Auditory Cortex | Where the Auditory signal finally ends up |
| Damage to Auditory Cortex | Damage here means you won't be able to hear anything |
| Damage to Wernicke's area | Damage here means that you can hear but you can't understand |
| Pureword deafness | Damage to axons between auditory cortex and wernicke's - can hear sounds but can't understand language |
Created by:
user-1990764