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P5 Flashcards
Different from "Period Rev" flashcards which cover the paper Review Challenges.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Manifest Destiny coined by John O'Sullivan (1845) | Belief that God wanted Americans to expand across North America. Drove westward expansion, land acquisition & economic growth. Justified conflict with Mexico & displacement of Native peoples. Racist theory. |
| Frederick Douglass writes Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass (1845) | ___ ___ wrote his autobiography to expose slavery's brutality. Described physical realities of slave life. Argued slavery degraded both enslaved and enslaver. Inspired abolitionist movement. |
| Polk Presidency (1845-1849) | Expansionist Democrat with a 4-point mission: lower tariffs, restore independent treasury, settle Oregon border & annex California. Also annexed Texas. Achieved all 4 goals in one term. |
| US acquires Oregon Territory - "54'40 or Fight!" (1846) | Polk campaigned on all of Oregon but compromised with Britain at the 49th parallel. Webster-Ashburton Treaty resolved related border disputes. US gained the Pacific Northwest. |
| Spot Resolutions (1847) | Congressman Lincoln demanded Polk identify the exact ___ where American blood was shed on American soil. Argued the attack occurred on disputed Mexican territory. Called the war immoral & pro-slavery. |
| Mexican-American War, Thoreau's Civil Disobedience & Wilmot Proviso (1846-1848) | Polk provoked Mexico over the Rio Grande border. Thoreau refused to pay taxes in protest & wrote ___ ___. ___ ___ proposed banning slavery in acquired territory — failed in Senate. |
| Free Soil Party established (1848) | Opposed expansion of slavery into new western territories. Did not seek to abolish slavery where it existed. Short-lived but influenced the later Republican Party. Slogan: 'Free _____, Free Labor, Free Men.' |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) | Ended the Mexican-American War. US gained Texas to California for $15 million. Resolved $3.5 million in Mexican debts. Expanded US territory massively — including California & Arizona. |
| Seneca Falls Convention (1848) | First women's rights convention, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Issued Declaration of Sentiments modeled on Declaration of Independence. Launched the women's suffrage movement. |
| "Know-Nothing" Party founded (1849) | Nativist, anti-Catholic & anti-immigration party. Defended traditional Protestant values. Opposed influx of Irish & German immigrants. Short-lived but reflected growing nativist sentiment. |
| Compromise of 1850 & 7th of March Speech | Clay's plan: California as free state, stronger Fugitive Slave Law, popular sovereignty in new territories, end slave trade in DC. Webster's speech urged North & South to accept the deal. |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1851) | Novel exposed the horrors of slavery through emotional storytelling. Heightened Northern antislavery sentiment. Banned in the South. Lincoln reportedly called _______ 'the little woman who started this great war.' |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) | Stephen Douglas proposed popular sovereignty to decide slavery in _____ & ______. Overturned Missouri Compromise. Outraged the North. Led to formation of the Republican Party. |
| Bleeding Kansas & Pottawatomie Massacre (1854-1861) | Pro & anti-slavery settlers flooded ______ (state). Sumner beaten on Senate floor. Lecompton Constitution tried to entrench slavery. John Brown led ___ ___ killings. Federal troops deployed. |
| Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) | ___ ___ sued for freedom after living on free soil — lost. Supreme Court ruled Blacks were not citizens & couldn't sue. Congress had no power to ban slavery anywhere. Deepened sectional crisis. |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates & Freeport Doctrine (1858) | ________ declared the nation could not survive half slave, half free. _________ introduced the ___ ___ — popular sovereignty determines slavery. Southern fire-eaters called Douglas a traitor. |
| Harpers' Ferry Raid by John Brown (1859) | ________ led an armed raid to spark a slave revolt — failed. Captured by Robert E. Lee. Convicted of treason by Virginia & executed. Became an abolitionist martyr; terrified the South. |
| Election of 1860 & South Carolina Secedes | Lincoln won without a single Southern electoral vote. Democrats split between Douglas & Breckinridge. South Carolina seceded first; 6 states followed. Jefferson Davis became Confederate president. |
| Battle of Fort Sumter (1861) | Lincoln sent food — not troops — to the garrison. South saw it as aggression & attacked. Union surrendered ___. First shots of the Civil War. Rallied the North to fight. |
| Outbreak of War - Strengths & Weaknesses of each side (1861) | Union: larger population, more industry, railroads & wealth. Confederacy: better generals, defensive advantage & cotton exports. Confederacy lacked supplies & couldn't break the Union blockade. |
| First Battle of Bull Run (1861) | Union troops routed & forced to retreat — shocked the North. South overconfident after victory. Actually benefited the North by revealing the war would not be quick or easy. |
| Gettysburg Address (1863) | Lincoln dedicated a military cemetery & reframed the Civil War as a fight for human equality & self-government. Invoked the Declaration of Independence. Gave new moral purpose to the Union cause. |
| Emancipation Proclamation (1863) | Declared enslaved people in rebellious states forever free. Did not apply to Border States. Allowed Black men to enlist in the Union Army. Transformed the war into a fight against slavery. |
| Sherman's March to the Sea (1864) | ___ tore through Georgia destroying Confederate supplies, burning Atlanta & seizing food & livestock. Total war strategy — designed to break Southern civilian will to fight. |
| End of Civil War & Assassination of Lincoln (1865) | Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox. Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth 5 days later — hurt the South, as Lincoln's Reconstruction plan had been more lenient than what followed. |
| Freedmen's Bureau established (1865) | Provided food, shelter, schools & legal aid to freed people. Education was its greatest success. Never delivered promised land to ________. Chronically underfunded & eventually dismantled. |
| KKK established & Black Codes created (1865) | _____ terrorized Black Americans & white Republican allies through violence & murder. ___ ___ severely restricted Black freedom — controlling movement, labor & legal rights across the South. |
| 14th & 15th Amendments (1868 & 1870) | 1__th granted citizenship to all born or naturalized in the US — including freed slaves. 1__th prohibited denying the vote based on race or prior servitude. Together they were Reconstruction's legal foundation. |
| Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) | ___ ___ was ______ for violating the Tenure of Office Act by firing Secretary Stanton without Senate approval. Battled Radical Republicans. Acquitted by one vote. Opposed Black civil rights. |
| Transcontinental Railroad completed (1869) | Golden spike driven at Promontory Summit. Tied the nation together & opened the West. Devastating to Native Americans — killed buffalo herds & pushed tribes off land. Built with gov land grants. |
| Strengths & shortcomings of Reconstruction - Compromise of 1877, Thaddeus Stevens & Radical Republicans (1877) | _______ of ______ withdrew federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction. Blacks lost protections. Sharecropping & KKK rose. Stevens & Radical Republicans had fought for Black rights but ultimately fell short. |
Created by:
dddemchuk12