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P4 Flashcards
Different from "Period Rev" flashcards which cover the paper Review Challenges.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Second Great Awakening (c. 1790-1820s) | Protestant revival — Baptist & Methodist membership soared. Emphasized being 'born again.' Spurred reforms: temperance, abolitionism & women's rights. Key figure: Charles Grandison Finney. |
| "Revolution of 1800" | Jefferson's election marked the first peaceful transfer of power between opposing parties in US history. He called it a ___. Pledged states rights/anti-centralized power & trust in the people. |
| Marbury v. Madison & the Marshall Court (1803)&Judicial Review | Federalist _________ruled part of the Judiciary Act unconstitutional. Established ___ ___ — the Supreme Court's power to strike down unconstitutional laws. Greatly strengthened the federal judiciary. |
| Louisiana Purchase & Lewis & Clark Expedition (1803) | Doubled US size for $15 million. Gave control of Mississippi River & New Orleans. Jefferson went against his own strict constructionism for the deal. ___ & ___ explored the vast new territory. |
| Embargo Act (1807) | Banned all US foreign trade to pressure Britain & France over impressment. Backfired — devastated the US economy and caused widespread smuggling. Federalists opposed it strongly. |
| Fulton invents the Steamboat (1807) | Revolutionized river transport — ships could now travel upstream. Powered the industrial revolution. Carried crops & goods; spurred growth of river towns near southern plantations. |
| Construction of Cumberland Road begins (1811) | First federally funded ______ in the US. Ran from Maryland to Illinois. Made westward expansion possible. Became the main overland transport route to the West. |
| War of 1812 begins (1812) | Caused by British impressment & interference with trade. War Hawks pushed for conflict. Federalists opposed it. Native Americans allied with Britain. Known as 'Mr. Madison's War.' |
| Hartford Convention (1814) | New England Federalists met to protest the War of 1812. Proposed constitutional amendments to protect their interests. Association with near-treason destroyed the Federalist Party's credibility. |
| War of 1812 ends & Era of Good Feelings (1815) | Treaty of Ghent restored pre-war borders — no territory gained. Wave of nationalism followed. British blockade had damaged the economy but boosted US manufacturing. Destroyed eastern Native resistance. Now only 1 political party. |
| American System - Henry Clay (1815) | _________'s plan: high protective tariffs, a national bank & federal funding for roads & canals. Designed to unify & strengthen the economy. Supported by John Quincy Adams & Whigs. |
| Market Revolution (early 19th century) | |
| Missouri Compromise (1820) | ___ admitted as slave state, Maine as free. Slavery banned north of 36°30' in all future Louisiana Purchase states. Temporarily eased sectional tensions over slavery's expansion. Later overturned by K-N Act. |
| Monroe Doctrine (1823) | Warned European powers to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. Declared European & American spheres of influence separate. Opposed further colonialism in the Americas. Cornerstone of US foreign policy. |
| Stephen Austin granted land in Texas (1823) | ___ received a Spanish land grant to settle American families in _________. Americans brought slaves despite Mexican law forbidding it — the slavery issue delayed US annexation of _______. |
| Election of 1824 & the Corrupt Bargain | Jackson won the popular vote but lost in the House. Clay swung support to Adams in exchange for Secretary of State. Jackson called it the '___ ___' — a blow to democratic legitimacy. |
| Erie Canal completed (1825) | Connected Hudson River to Lake Erie. Reduced transport costs & opened western markets. Fueled New York's industrialization. Sped up western development & stimulated steamboat trade. |
| Jackson becomes president & uses the "Spoils System" (1828) | Era of the 'common man.' ___ ___ replaced political opponents with party loyalists — often unqualified. Fueled inefficiency & corruption. Jackson also founded the Democratic Party. |
| Tariff of Abominations & Nullification Crisis (1828-1833) | Jackson's tariff hurt Southern farmers. Calhoun responded with ___ ___ — declaring tariffs void. Jackson saw it as prelude to secession & threatened military force to enforce federal law. |
| Jackson Battles the US Bank (1830s) | Jackson viewed the national bank as a danger to liberty & a tool of eastern elites. Vetoed recharter & moved federal deposits to state 'pet banks.' Destroyed the Second Bank of the US. |
| Indian Removal & Trail of Tears (1830s) | Jackson pressured southeastern tribes to move west of the Mississippi. Cherokee forced to relocate to Oklahoma on the ___ ___ ___ — hunger, disease & exhaustion killed thousands. |
| Transcendentalism - Emerson & Thoreau (1830s) | Emphasized nature, individualism & emotion over reason. Opposed materialism & conformity. Emerson & Thoreau were key figures. Influenced reform movements and American literary culture. |
| William Lloyd Garrison founds the Liberator Newspaper (1831) | ___ ___ ___ founded the most widely read anti-slavery paper. Called for immediate, complete emancipation. Leading white abolitionist. Helped form the American Anti-Slavery Society. |
| Election of 1836 & Rise of Mass Democracy | Van Buren won, building on Jackson's Democratic Party. Property requirements for voting removed — expanded suffrage. Rise of mass political participation & the second party system. |
| Lone Star Rebellion (1836) | Americans in Texas resisted Mexican centralized rule. Brought slaves despite Mexican law. Santa Anna forced to grant independence after military defeat. Texas became the Republic of Texas. |
| John C. Calhoun claims slavery is a "positive good" (1837) | __________argued ___ benefitted both races — cheap labor for whites, civilization & Christianity for Blacks. Defended the institution of ___ rather than viewing it as a necessary evil. |
| Tyler Presidency (1841-1845) | ___ had no real party — alienated both Whigs & Democrats. Annexed Texas. Vetoed a national bank. Signed tariff & treasury bills. First VP to assume presidency after predecessor died. |
| Influx of Irish & German Immigrants (1840s) | _______ fled the potato famine; _________ fled political oppression. Took dangerous, low-wage jobs. Led to nativism. ______ contributed culture — Christmas trees, kindergarten. Increased job competition. |
Created by:
dddemchuk12