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percep 2B 7-9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Proprioception | Sense of position of limbs (own) |
| Kinesthesia | Sense of mvmnt of muscles |
| Tactile Perception (Somaesthesis) | Sense of objects touching skin |
| Somatosensory System | Receptors, spinal pathways, brain regions |
| Skin makeup | - Epiderms = outer layer - Dermis = bit underneath - Glabrous skin = skin w/o hair - Non-glabrous = hair skin |
| Epidermis | - Merkel receptors/discs - Meissner corpuscles |
| Dermis | - Pacinian corpuscles - Ruffini endings - Free nerve endings |
| Merkel receptors | - Respond to continuous presh - Sustained response - Sensing fine details |
| Meissner corpuscles | - Respond to application + removal of stim - Transient response (responds when something changes) - Handgrip ctrl |
| Pacinian corpuscles | - Transient response - Respon to stim onset + offset - Detect vibration, fine texture by moving fings |
| Ruffini endings | - Respond to continuous presh 8sustained) - Detect stretching of skin - Unknown if exist, controversy |
| Channel organisation | - SA = slow adapting, sustained rep - FA = fast adapting, transient resp - SA1 = merkel = perception of pressure - FA = meissner corps = precep of flutter - SA2 = ruffini = percep of stretch - FA2 = pacinian = vibration |
| C-Tactile (CT) Mechanoreceptors | - perceiving pleasant touch - Use free nerve endings, only precent on hairy skin - Non myelinated fibres = slow conducting - Respond to slow gentle touch, sent sigs to insular cortex = pos affective reponse |
| Tactile Receptive Field | - Eg: diff areas of hand, stim diff parts of hand see that meissner corpuscle pathways = small fields, pacinian = big receptive field - Surface of skin = small, deeper in skin = bigger |
| Two-Point Discrimination Threshold | - tell if 2 pencils or 1 - large recep field = cant tell = both pencils in same recep field - small = pencils in diff = can tell - diff bod parts more sens than othrs (sense small dists in sens areas, finger + upperlip = high sens, calf + arm = low) |
| Sensory Homunculus | Size of body part = in proprosh to how sens it is |
| Somatosensory Cortex | - Amnt of cortex given to body part = how sens body part is - Fingers + lips = lots of cortex - Upper arm = little - Areas 1, 2, 3a and 3b + S2 (secondary) |
| Plasticity | - Can change map by increasing amnt of stim to a part of map - String players = more cortex devoted to left hand than right because does more work - Adult brain = flexible, can modify itself to new sitches |
| Spinal Pathway | - Receptor axons meet up w spinal pathways ○ Medial lemniscal pathway = fine touch ○ Spinothalamic pathway = pain, itch, crude touch - Cortical areas ○ Somatosensory receiving area = S1 ○ Secondary somatosensory cortex = S2 |
| Medial Lemniscal Pathway | From limb > spinal chord > synapses in medulla (base of brain) > ventral posterior nucleus (thalamus) |
| Spinal-Thalamic Pathway | From limb > spinal cord synapse > VPN > somatosensory cortex |
| S1, S2 | - S1 (Area 3a, 3b, 1, 2) - S1 to Dorsal pathway (action) > posterior parietal cortex > premotor cortex S1 to Ventral pathway > S2 > hippocamp, preforntal cort |
| Itch, Pain | - Nociceptors = sens to stim potensh damaging to skin - Types of nociception ○ Thermal ○ Mechanical (cut, bruise) ○ Chemical (chem burn) ○ Silent (resp to inflammation |
| Haptics | - How use somatosensory syst to eval world arnd us - Active touch more sens than passive touch |
| Active Touch | - Actively using hands to explore objects - More efficient at gaining info than object moved passively across hand |
| Exploratory Procedures | - Way we use hands tailored to info want to gain - eg ○ Lateral motion ○ Pressure (poking) ○ Enclosure ○ Contour following |
| Phases of Pain | - 2 phases - a-delta fibre axons ○ Myelinated ○ Initial, sharp pain - c-fibre ○ Non-myelinated ○ More prolonged less intense pain |
| Affective/Discriminative Dimensions | - Discriminative = Locate + classify (where pain is and what feels like) - Affective = Unpleasant, emosh resp |
| Nociceptor | - Discriminatory signals go to area 3a + 3b in S1 (helps identify where in body is) - Affective dimensh goes straight to amyg, anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insular cortex after VPN |
| Gate Theory | - theory of pian Melzack + Wall '65 - how pain ctrld - anatom loc = spinal cord - s/small fibres = pain receps - l/large fibs = normals receps somatosens sigs - I/SG = inhib interneurons substantia gelatinosa (part of spin cord) - P= projection |
| Gate theory mechanism | - normal state = inhib receptor, no input = gate closed - input on s fibres = pain. pain sigs inhib normal inhib sig - l fibs stimd = inhib pathway activ, inhib pain being projec to brain (gate closed) - kicked, rub shin = dull pain, temp close gate |
| Evidence for role of CNS in experiencing pain | - Phantom Limb = Pain reported in amputated limb - Endorphin= Enodgenous brain chems which modulate pain - Similar brain resps to phys and hypnotically induced pain |
| sound | - Pressure wave - Vibrations of molecules in medium |
| Pitch | - percep assoc w sound wave freq - hertz (hz) - pjhys meas of sound osc rate (1 hz = 1 oscillation per sec) - pitch = metameric (same note given in diff wats) - chroma = change pitch by factor of 2, sound stays same (octave) |
| loudness | - percep assoc w sound presh lvl - decibles (dB) = meas of phys props of sound, sound amp/presh lvl - 10dB incr = doubling perc loudness - phon = numerically equal to amp of 1000 Hz tone (10dB = 10 phons) - varies w sound freq, higher freq = louder |
| timbre | - How judge two sounds are diff - Everything that isnt loudness, pitch, spatial percep - Harmonics = intger mults of fundamental frequency |
| Outer ear | - Pinna/Concha - Gather sound energy + focus it via auditaory meatus on tympanic membrane (eardrum) - Filter sound freqs to provide cus abt source elevation |
| middle ear | - bit btwn air outside + fluid in cochlea - takes more eff to move fluid than air, mid ear = necessary presh chngs (impedance matching) - match low impedance airborne sounds to higher impedance fluid of inner ear (presh boost 200x) |
| 3 ossicles | - part of mid ear - malleus, incus, stapes - smallest bones in body - amplify sig coming from tympanic memb to vib fluid in inner ear |
| inner ear | - Contains cochlea (snail) - Where transduction takes place = Pressure waves transformed into neural signals |
| Tympanic Membrane (EarDrum) | - Vibrates in time w all freqs getting to it - Vibs transmitted to ossicles in mid ear, which further amplify |
| Cochlea | - Coiled structure, 35mm uncoiled - Bisected from base almost to apex by basilar membrane + tectorial membrane - Fluid (perilymph) filled chambers on each side Perilymph set in vib by oval window |
| Organ of Corti | - Fluid passes vib on to organ of corti - Sensory organ (ret of ear) - Runs along basilar membrane - Hair cells w stereocilia = transducers convert motion into neuronal sig - Start of auditory nerve |
| basilar membrane | - In cochlea - diff parts sens to diff sound freqs - High frreqs = base, low freqs = apex (freq decomp) |
| Organ of Corti | - Fluid passes vib on to organ of corti - Sensory organ (ret of ear) - Runs along basilar membrane - Hair cells w stereocilia = transducers convert motion into neuronal sig - Start of auditory nerve |
| Semicircular Canal | - Part of inner ear - Balance + spatial orientation |
| Inner/Outer Hair Cell | - Inner ○ Sensory recepts send info to higher cerebral lbls ○ 95% of fibres in aud nerve - Outer ○ Receive projections from upper cerebral lvls ○ Role in active filtering, prevent damage |
| Mechano-electrical transduction | - mechanical tension open K+ channels, lead to acsh potensh in aud nrv fibs - stereocilia connected by tiplinks, wiggling stereocil open iron channel, change neurotrans lvl = depolarisation > elec sig transmitted as spikes along aud nerve |
| Auditory Nerve | - neural resp = locked to vib, when reach peak = nerve cell fires - each nerve fires near peak displacement of basilar memb (peak of resp) - phase locking = abil of neurons to fire at spec point in sound wave cyc, each nerve fib tuned to best freq |
| Frequency Decomposition | - Along basilar membrane ○ Near base membrane = narrow + stiff ○ Apex = wdie + flexible - Diff parts of bas memb = tuned to diff freqs - High freqs at base, low freqs at apex |
| Tonotopy | - Topographic org of freq preserved up to lvl of auditory cortex |
| Place Model/Rate Model of pitch percep | - place = zone of excitation on bas membr, if memb stimd at this place = high freq - rate = precise timing of individ spikes - freq of 200hz = neuron fires at 200hz (mom where neu cant fire abv certain point > acrs many neurons) |
| order of auditory syst | - Cochlea > auditory nerve > cochlear nucleus > trapezoidal bodies/superior olivary complex/inferior colliculus > medial geniculate body (thalamus) > auditory cortex - Sends most sigs to opp side of head |
| Characteristic Frequency | - Changes as go along aud cortex, each point has diff char freq - Spec freq partic neuron or region is most sens - tonotopy/pitch represented in diff places - Measured in dB SPL and Hz |
| Frequency Tuning | - Aud neurons ssens to spec range of freqs - Narrowly tuned/broadly tuned neurons Narrow = less range which causes firing |
| Gustation | detection of chemicals on oral cavity by taste receptors |
| 5 basic tastes: | - sweet - sour - bitter - salty - umami |
| Magnitude Estimation | how much of each taste property shows up in food item/chemical |
| Tongue | - contains taste buds - sens and insens areas (no one part of tongue sens to one type of taste) |
| taste bud | - bulb of garlic - situated in taste pore/papillae - contain taste receptro cells |
| Labelled Lines | theory of taste in which one taste recep cell assoc w each of basic tastes |
| Across fibre model | theory of taste = all recep cells = sens to all tastes |
| Tastant | - thing activating taste, molecule - sweet = glucose, sucrose - sour = citric + acetic avids - salt = sodium chloride - bitter = quinine - umami = monosodium glutamate MSG |
| 4 nerves of taste pathway | 1. chorda tympani = front + sides of tong 2. glosspharyngeal = back of tong 3. vagus = mouth + throat 4. superficial petronasal = soft palate |
| taste pathway | - nerves make cncts to brain stem in nucleus of solitary tract (NST) - NST > thalamus > insula > frontal operculum cortex in frontal lobe - also orbitofrontal cortex = olfactory sigs |
| anosmia | total loss of smell |
| olfaction | - Detecting airborne chems thru sensory receps in nose, contrib to flav percep |
| detection vs identification | - Detection = abil to recog presence of odour - Identification = abil to correc label that odour |
| Olfactometer | - ctrl concs of stim presentation - controllled airflow + humidity |
| sniffin sticks | - smell measuring - sticks like markers infused w smell |
| olfac syst | - Odorant inhaled, flow over olfac mucosa (contain ORN) - Odorant molec stim olfactory revep neurons (ORN) = produce neural sig - Sigs passed to glomeruli in olfac bulb containing olfac nerve > brain |
| Olfactory receptor neurone (ORN) | - Chemicals dissolve + attach to receps - Depolarise + send sig to olfac bulb thru cribriform plate |
| Glomeruli | - receives sig from recep neur - abt 350 classes of recep neur - abt 10k of each class = 4 mill in tot - all ORN of 1 type send output sigs to just 1, 2 glomeruli in olfact bulb (if lose 1 typ of glom lose 1 whole class of smelll) |
| olfac nerve | carries sens info from nose to olfac bulb |
| olfac bulb | - processes info from olfac nerve - contains glomeruli |
| pyriform cortex (PC) | - signal straight to PC (not thru thalamus) - from olfac bulb to PC to amyg - then OFC = secondary olfac cortex, also where gustation |
| amygdala | - response of emosh - have emosh reaction to smell |
| Olfactory Encoding | - diff odorants cause neural activ across range of olfac recep classes - pattern of distributed encoding (sim to LMS cone photoreceps, but 350 ORN) |
| Perceptual Organisation | segregation of smells (sim to overlapping objects in vis and individ instruments in orch) |
| Flavour Perception | taste = flavour (gustation + olfaction) - deteriorates when nose blocked - OFC imp, first place where taste + smell info combd - bimodal neurons resp to taste + smell or taste + vis - evi that activ in neurons reflect pleasantness of flavs |
| bimodal neurons | neurons detecting 2 senses simultan (taste + smell, taste vision) |
| supertaste/non-taster | - Ppl w genetic diffs, can detect certain chems that supertasters can taste others cant - Non tasters = less tastebuds, super = more taste buds |
| synaesthesia | abil to taste wrds |
| gastrophysics | sonic seasoning (hear cert sounds = enhance cert flavours), new science of eating |
Created by:
melissa.sjolin