Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
129 Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| - Comes from the Latin word cetus, which was used to refer to any large sea creature, and the Greek word ketos, which was a sea monster or whale - refers to a Clade -divided up into two sub-orders: Odontocetes and Mysticetes | Cetaceans |
| 4 main characteristics of Odontocetes | - Possessing teeth instead of baleen - Single blow hole - Asymmetrical skull - Echolocation |
| Number of families in the sub-order of Odontocetes | 10 (river dolphins: Plantaistidae, Pontoporiidae, Iniidae, and Lipotidae (extinct) arctic species: Monodontidae sperm whales: Kogiidae and Physteridae beaked whales: Ziphiidae dolphins: Delphinidae porpoises: Phocoenidae) |
| Most diverse family of Odontocetes | Delphinidae (dolphins) 36 species |
| 5 main characteristics of Mysticetes | - Possessing baleen instead of teeth - Two blow holes - Symmetrical skull - No echolocation - Lower jaw articulated (lower mandibles are not fused at the chin, and jaw can drop super low to allow for huge engulfment of prey) |
| Number of families in the sub-order of Mysticetes | 4 (The right whales and the bowhead whale: Balaenidae The pygmy right whale: Neobalaenidae The grey whale: Eschrichtiidae The rorquals: Balaenopteridae) |
| Most diverse family of Mysticetes | Balaenopteridaes 8 species |
| Blubber | Thick layer of fat (also called adipose tissue) directly under the skin of all marine mammals except sea otters. Generally covers the entire body except for fins, flippers, and flukes. |
| Blowhole | the hole / holes on top of a cetacean’s head through which it breaths (remember, cetaceans can’t breathe through their mouths – their trachea and esophagus are completely separate) |
| Pectoral fins | the two fins on each side of the animal, mostly used for steering |
| Dorsal fin | the vertical fin on a cetacean’s back, acts like the keel on a boat by providing stability to the animal’s body |
| Flukes | the two fins that make up the tail (each fin, or half of the tail, is a fluke), used to propel the animal forward |
| Peduncle | the tail stock, i.e., the part of the body between the flukes and the genital openings |
| Rostrum | the snout-like projection (sometimes called a “beak” in odontocetes) that makes up the front part of a cetacean’s skull. Consists of the lower and upper jaw and holds teeth (in odontocetes) or baleen (in mysticetes) |
| Melon | the rounded front part of an odontocete’s forehead, which contains a fatty substance nicknamed “acoustic fat” used by odontocetes to direct their echolocation beam |
| Baleen | “sheets” or “plates” made of keratin (the same material as human hair or fingernails) which hang down from the upper jaws of baleen whales |
| Pelage | the hair, fur, wool, or other soft covering of a mammal |
| Underfur | bottom (inner) layer of wavy or curly hairs whose main purpose is insulation |
| Guard hair | top (outer) layer of longer, generally coarser, and nearly straight hairs that protrude through the layer of softer down hair and whose main purpose is repelling water |
| Lanugo | a layer of fur that develops in utero and serves to help newborn pups maintain their core body temperature until their blubber reserves have increased which is shed and replaced by adult fur shortly after birth |
| Exception to lanugo | harbor seals shed their lanugo in utero and are born with their adult fur (pelage) |
| Pinna (singular) / Pinnae (plural) | the external part(s) of the ear |
| Vibrissae | long, stiff hairs growing around the mouth or elsewhere on the face of many mammals, used as organs of touch, also called whiskers |
| - Order Carnivora - derived from Latin and means "fin-footed" animal (from pinna, meaning "fin", "wing", or "feather", and pedis, meaning "foot") - refers to a Clade | Pinnipeds |
| Three families of Pinnipeds | Otariidae, Phocidae, Odobenidae |
| Odobenidae | Family of Pinnipeds, only one species (Odobenus rosmarus) |
| Otariidae | - "Eared" seals - Includes the six living species of sea lion (Otariinae) and nine species of fur seals (Arctocephalinae) |
| Characteristics of Otariidae | - External ear pinnae - Long, paddle-shaped forelimbs - Pelvis that allows the hind flippers to be rotated under the body for quadrupedal locomotion on land - Propulsion during swimming by powerful strokes of the fore flippers. |
| Phocids | - "True seals", "earless seals", "crawling seals" - Includes 10 living species of Northern seals (Phocinae) and 8 living species of Monachine seals (Monachinae) |
| Characteristics of Phocids | - Lack of external ear flaps - Short forelimbs - Pelvis which does not allow them to rotate their hind limbs under the body for locomotion on land - Propulsion during swimming by undulation of the hind limbs. |
| Mustelidae | Family of sea otters |
| Marine otter species | - 3 species, 1 extinct - Sea otter (Enhyra lutris) - Marine otter (Chungungo) (Lontra feline) - ** exctinct ** Sea mink (Neovision macrodon) |
| Ursidae | Family of polar bear |
| Factors that influence food acquisition in marine mammals | - Food availability, territory, predators, etc |
| Ingested Energy (IE) | Total energy taken in from food |
| Apparently Digested Energy (ADE) | Ingested energy minus energy lost in feces -- total energy absorbed by body |
| Metabolized Energy (ME) | Amount of ADE that is useable -- actual energy available for metabolic processes |
| Heat Increment of Feeding (HIF) | Increased heat production following consumption of food |
| Net Energy (NE) | Amount of energy left over after metabolism and maintenance |
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) | - minimum energy required to basically just live - adult, non-reproductive, resting, thermal neutral zone, post-absorptive - scales mass ^0.75 |
| Which group of marine mammals has the highest metabolic rate? | Mustelidae ( Sea otters) |
| Examples of marine mammals that exhibit migration (separation between breeding and feeding) | - Elephant seal - Humpback whale - Gray whale - Blue whale -Right whale |
| Which groups of cetaceans fast during lactation and which ones continue to feed? | – Mysticetes fast during lactation - Odontocetes continue to feed |
| How often do sirenians give birth? | – 1 calf every 2-7 yrs – Weaning 1-2 yr |
| How often do sea otters give birth? | – 1 pup every 1-2 yrs – Weaning 5 months |
| How often do polar bears give birth? | – 1-2 pups every 2-4 yrs – Weaning 2 yrs |
| How often do Odontocetes give birth? | –1 calf every 2-8 yrs –Weaning age 0.5 to 10+ yrs |
| How often do Mysticetes give birth? | –1 calf every 1-3 yrs –Weaning age 5-12 months |
| How often do pinnipeds give birth? | - Phocidae: 1 pup every yr, weaning 4-50 days, fast during lactation - Otariidae: 1 pup every yr, weaning 4 months to 1 yr, feed intermittently - Odobenidae: 1 calf every 2-4 yr, weaning 2 yr. feed while lactating |
| Which groups have the longest lactation period? | Odontocetes |
| Which groups of marine mammals have the most lipid-rich milk? | Phocids > Otariids > Mysticetes > Odontocetes |
| Income breeders | - Multiple short trips - Expend high energy to obtain high energy - Continuously foraging and lactating - Ex: Otariids |
| Capital breeders | - Single long trips - Economical foraging strategy - At sea prior to birth, on land during lactation - Ex: phocids |
| Foraging specialist (+example) | - Specific diet/foraging strategies/foraging locations - Ex: leopard seal, orca |
| Foraging generalist (+example) | - More varied diets/foraging strategies/foraging locations -Ex: humpback whale |
| What do Sirenians eat and what kind of dentition do they have? | - Bilophodont dentition - Dugongs – Bottom vegetation only, Diurnal foragers - Manatees – Seagrasses and vascular plants, sometimes will eat fish - Stellar sea cow – kelp |
| What do polar bears eat? | - Primarily ringed seals - Will also eat walrus, belugas, narwhals, bearded/hooded/hard seals, and trash - Mostly eat blubber when possible |
| What do sea otters generally eat? How is dietary specialization learned? | - Diet consists of primarily benthic prey - Shallow divers - Molariform dentition - Use tools to open shells - Individual variability in diet passed down from parent to offspring (vertical transmission) |
| Top-down ecological processes | Ecosystem kept in check/thriving due to species at the top of the food chain (ex. sea otters) |
| Bottom-up ecological processes | Ecosystem kept in check/thriving due to species at the bottom of the food chain (ex. kelp?) |
| Gulpers | - Take in large amounts of water to obtain as much prey as possible - Family Balaenopteridae |
| Muckers | - Use suction feeding to pull prey from the sea floor - Family Eschrichtiidae |
| Skimmers | - Swim slowly with their mouth open to skim-feed prey, largely at or below the surface - Family Balaenidae |
| Epipelagic foraging | - Surface to 200m - Multiple or single prey |
| Mesopelagic foraging | - 200 - 1000m - Multiple or single prey |
| Benthic foraging | - Forages on or near the bottom - Typically single large prey |
| General foraging strategies of pinnipeds | - Feed mostly on fish and squid - Present in all major habitats - Social and individual foraging - Clear separation between foraging and breeding |
| Foraging strategies of walruses | - Bottom feeder - +600 clams per day - Find prey with vibrissae - Profound effect on bottom habitat |
| Foraging strategies of leopard seals | - Hunt mostly sea lions, dentition optimized for hunting |
| Foraging strategies of crabeater seals | - Almost exclusively feed on krill, specialized teeth |
| Convection (heat loss) | Heat transfer due to the movement of a fluid (air or water) |
| Conduction (heat loss) | Heat transfer due to physical contact of solids |
| Radiation (heat loss) | Transfer of radiant energy |
| Evaporation (heat loss) | Heat absorbed from phase change liquid to water vapor (sweating, respiratory loss) |
| Heat loss equation | kA(TH-TC)/L - k = conductivity - A = body surface area - TH - TC = temperature difference between body and water - L = thickness of insulation |
| Thermal Neutral Zone (TNZ) | Range of temperatures over which an organism doesn't have to expend energy (metabolism) to regulate its temperature |
| Advantages of blubber | - Continuous sheet of adipose (fat) tissue reinforced by collagen and elastic fibers - Also serves as energy reserves - Can withstand fouling - Does not compress with depth - Perfuse to bypass and dump heat - Streamlining |
| Disadvantages of blubber | - Constrains size and maneuverability - Difficult to grow or divide live tissue at low temps - Must haul out or move to a different environment to molt and heal wounds |
| Advantages of fur | - Traps air among the hairs - Air provides the insulation - Lighter - Better insulation for given amount - Skin is maintained at or near body temperature - Ability to repair skin, molt, etc |
| Disadvantages of fur | - Needs to be kept clean/groomed - Compressible so insulation declines with depth - Increases drag/reduced hydrodynamics |
| What insulation type do different marine mammal groups use? | - Fur: Sea otters, fur seals - Blubber: Sea lions, phocids, walrus |
| Surface area to volume ratio | - As objects get larger, volume increases faster than surface area |
| Why does larger size aid in thermoregulation? | Larger volume to surface area ratio = more insulation than area for heat loss |
| Countercurrent heat exchange | - Two blood vessels located right next to each other flow in opposite directions, allowing heat to transfer between the two |
| Examples of countercurrent heat exchange | - Veins and arteries |
| Why do dolphin testes not fry? | - Countercurrent heat exchange |
| General overview of trophic relationships in a simple food web | Primary producers vs tertiary carnivores |
Created by:
user-2037809