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Innate non-specific
innate non-specific host defenses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Innate immunity/defenses | Innate immunity refers to the defenses that are present at birth. It provides rapid, non-specific responses to protect against any pathogen, regardless of the species. It does not have a "memory" component and serves as the body’s first and second lines of defense. - skin barriers, mucos membranes |
| immunity | ability to fight infection or toxins |
| susceptibility | lack of resistance ot a disease |
| Adaptive defenses | respond to specific pathogens and will differeinetiatn between self and non-self. they have memory |
| lymphatic system | network of vessels, nodes, and organs that help rid the body of toxins and waste. |
| features of lymphatic system | Lymph: Fluid that flows through the system. - carries microbes to lymph nodes where lymphocytes and macrophages destroy pathogen Lymphatic vessels: Transport the lymph. Lymphoid tissues/organs: These include the thymus, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes. Red bone marrow: Where hematopoiesis (creation of blood cells) occurs. |
| Functions of antimicrobial peptides | special class of broad-spectrum antibiotics produced by the body. Their functions include: Inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Forming pores in the plasma membrane. Destroying DNA and RNA. |
| Complement system | The complement system is a group of over 30 proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood and tissues. They "complement" the cells of the immune system in destroying microbes. These proteins must be activated in a cascade (one protein activating the next) to function. |
| Bacteriocins | secreted by resident microbia in GI tract and inhibit bacter by disrupt the membrane |
| Cathelicidin | secreted by epithelial cells , macrophages and other cells in skin inhibit bacteria nad fungi by disrupting membrance |
| Defensins | secreted by epithelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils through body inhibit fungi, bacteria, and viruses through disrupting membrane |
| dermicidin | secreated by sweat glands in skin, inhibit bacterian and fingu by disrupting membrane integrity and ion channels |
| complement activation | process by which circulating complement precursors become functional. proteins are produced by liver and assist systmen in destroying microbes. can be triggered by alternative, classical, lectin pathways |
| Outcome of complement activation | Cytolysis: Activated complement proteins create a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC), which creates holes in the pathogen's membrane, causing it to burst. Opsonization: Complement proteins (specifically C3b) coat the microbe, which enhances phagocytosis by making it easier for phagocytes to attach. Inflammation: Complement proteins trigger the release of histamine, increasing blood vessel permeability and attracting phagocytes. |
| Interferons | Interferons are a class of proteins (cytokines) produced by cells as a defense against viruses. They are host-specific but not virus-specific. IFN-α and IFN-β: Produced by cells infected with a virus; they signal neighboring uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins (AVPs) that inhibit viral replication. IFN-γ: Causes neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria. |
| INflammation signs | Redness, swelling (edema), pain, heat, and sometimes loss of function. These occur because of increased blood flow and vessel permeability intended to destroy the injurious agent and repair tissue |
| Fever | An abnormally high body temperature caused by the hypothalamus being reset by pyrogens. It occurs as a systemic response to infection to help the body fight off pathogens. helpful: raises body temp so pathogens cant grow inactivates sme microbial enzymes and toxins increases chemical reactions enhance phagocytosis antiviral infection increases makes you tired and rest |
| Parts of blood | Blood consists of cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma: Erythrocytes: Red blood cells (transport oxygen).(RBC) Leukocytes: White blood cells (immune defense). (WBC) Platelets: Cell fragments involved in blood clotting. All these components are created in the red bone marrow via hematopoiesis. |
| outcomes of inflammation process | Cellular a nd molecular mediators of inflammation are involved in processes like metabolism,thermogenesis, and function of the nervous system. Destruction/Removal: Destroying the injurious agent and removing it and its by-products from the body. Limiting Impact: If destruction is not possible, inflammation walls off the agent to limit its effects on the rest of the body. Repair: Repairing or replacing tissue damaged by the agent or its by-products. |
| Process of phagocytosis | Chemotaxis: Chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms. Adherence: The phagocyte attaches to the surface of the microbe. Ingestion: The phagocyte extends pseudopods to engulf the microbe, forming a phagosome. Digestion: The phagosome fuses with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome. Inside, digestive enzymes (lysosome, phospholipase,protease) and low pH break down and destroy the pathogen. Discharge: Waste materials are expelled from the cell. |
| Phagocytosis | Phagocytosis is the process by which certain cells (phagocytes) seek, ingest, and kill pathogens |
| molecular mediators | histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, thromboxane, leukotrienes, prostaglandis |
| example of molecular mediator | mast cells detecting injury and releasing histamine which increases blood flow to wound site and increases vascular permeability allows fluids, proteins, phagocytes, immune cells to enter affected tissue. |
| histamines | stimulate vessles to open further allows blood plasma and platelets to be released |
| prostaglandin | promotes histamine release and contributes to fever |
| Leukotrienes | pro-inflammatory mediators produced by leukocytes |
| Acute inflammation | Triggered when mast cells detect injury and release histamine, which increases blood flow and vessel permeability. This allows fluid, proteins, and phagocytes to enter the tissue, causing the four classic signs: redness, swelling, pain, and heat. |
| Chronic Inflammation | Occurs when a pathogen cannot be cleared. The body may attempt to "wall off" the site by forming a granuloma (a fibrotic lesion), common in diseases like tuberculosis or Crohn’s disease |
| Leukocytes | follow the chemical trail to the affectted site |
| Neutrophils | break apart pathogens |
| Monocytes | differentiate into macrophages |
Created by:
agk236