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Disease/Epidemiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epidemiology | Epidemiology is the study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations. Epidemiologists determine the etiology (the cause) of a disease, identify factors concerning its spread, and develop methods for controlling it |
| Epidemiologists | determine etiology of a disease - study of the causes Identify important factors concerning the spread develop methods for controlling a disease assemble data and graphs to outline incidence of disease |
| Notifiable disease | Diseases that physicians are required by law to report to the U.S. Public Health Service (specifically the CDC). |
| Morbidity | The state of being diseased; it can also refer to the total number of individuals in a population with a disease (morbidity rate). |
| Mortality | Death; the mortality rate is the number of deaths from a disease per 100,000 people per year. |
| Sporadic | Diseases that occur only occasionally (e.g., tetanus, rabies, plague). |
| Endemic | Diseases that are constantly present in a population (e.g., the common cold). |
| Epidemic | A disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time—an incidence higher than what is "normal" for that population (e.g., influenza). |
| Pandemic | An epidemic disease that occurs worldwide (e.g., HIV/AIDS, COVID-19). |
| epidemiological studies | Descriptive Analytical Experimental Importance: These studies allow health officials to identify the source of an outbreak, predict the spread of disease, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. |
| Descriptive | Collecting all data that describe the occurrence of the disease under study (who, where, and when). |
| Analytical | Analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause. |
| Expiremental | Involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments (e.g., clinical trials where one group receives a drug and another a placebo). |
| Importance | These studies allow health officials to identify the source of an outbreak, predict the spread of disease, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. |
| Observational | data gathered through measurments or answers to questions in interviews . associations between disease occurence and possible causes |
| increased spread of communicable disease | High population density (cities). International travel (air travel). Poor sanitation or lack of access to clean water. Human behavior (poverty, migration, or lack of vaccination). Destructive ecological changes (economic development and land use). |
| disease transmission | Contact Transmission: Direct: Person-to-person (touching, kissing, sexual intercourse). Indirect: Spread by fomites (nonliving objects like towels or needles). Droplet: Transmission via airborne droplets from sneezing or coughing (traveling less than 1 meter). Vehicle Transmission: Transmission by an inanimate reservoir (water, food, or air). Vectors (zoonotic): Arthropods (fleas, ticks, mosquitoes) that carry pathogens from one host to another. |
| Nosocomial infections | Also known as Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), these are infections patients acquire while receiving treatment in a healthcare facility (hospital, nursing home, etc.). 1 out of 25 will get it |
| Impact of nosocomial infections | They represent a major public health problem because they affect roughly 1 in 25 hospital patients. They result from the interaction of microorganisms in the hospital, the weakened status of the host, and the chain of transmission between staff and patients. |
| Compromised host | A compromised host is an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns. Two principal conditions can compromise a host: broken skin/mucous membranes and a suppressed immune system. |
| Emmerging and re-emerging diseases | Evolution of pathogens: New strains resulting from genetic recombination or mutation (e.g., V. cholerae O139). Human Behavior: Population growth, migration from rural to urban areas, and international air travel. Environmental Changes: Poverty, wars, and destructive ecological changes due to economic development. Public Health Failure: Lack of vaccination or the inappropriate use of antibiotics leading to drug resistance. |
Created by:
agk236