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Gen Bio I Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following molecules triggers the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis? | MPF |
| Which of the following statements defines a genome? | the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences |
| Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes? | mitosis |
| Cells that acquire the ability to divide indefinitely are undergoing transformation. If abnormal cells remain only at the original site, the lump is considered ______________. | benign |
| During which of the following processes does independent assortment of chromosomes occur? | in meiosis I only |
| During which of the following processes do homologous pairs of chromosomes align adjacent to one another at the metaphase plate of a cell? | metaphase I of meiosis |
| Which of the following statements correctly describes a karyotype? | It is an organized image of a cell's chromosomes. |
| Density-dependent inhibition is explained by which of the following processes? | As cells become more numerous, the cell surface proteins of one cell contact the adjoining cells, and they signal each other to stop dividing. |
| Metaphase is characterized by ________. | alignment of chromosomes on the equator of the cell |
| Which of the following statements is correct in comparing sexual and asexual reproduction? | Sexual reproduction produces haploid offspring. |
| The Cell cycle consists of the Mitotic phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. | True |
| Crossing over of chromosomes normally takes place during which of the following processes? | meiosis I |
| Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely ________. | a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis |
| Which of the following events happens at the conclusion of meiosis I? | Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other. |
| Which of the following characteristics do homologous chromosomes exhibit? | They carry information for the same traits. |
| Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of which of the following macromolecules? | DNA and proteins |
| During which of the following processes do sister chromatids separate from each other? | during both mitosis and meiosis II |
| Which of the following processes occur during meiosis but not mitosis? | Diploid cells form haploid cells. |
| A cleavage furrow is ________. | a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei |
| Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? | synapsis of chromosomes |
| Introns are noncoding sequences that may be spliced by RNA. | True |
| Which of the following molecules helps to "turn off" genes, such as an operon, in a cell? | corepressor |
| The trp operon is a repressible operon. | True |
| What is the best description of an operon? | entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter and the genes they control |
| Which of the following molecules is produced by a regulatory gene? | repressor |
| What are cancer causing chemicals called? | carcinogens |
| Codons make up the __________ base triplets and read in the ____________direction. | mRNA; 5' to 3' |
| What type of alterations must occur to modify the pre-mRNA? | Both 5' cap and 3' poly A tail |
| Once a peptide bond has been formed between the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the P site and the amino acid associated with the tRNA in the A site, what process occurs next? | translocation |
| Which of the following molecular structures contain codons? | mRNA |
| Which of the following statements correctly describes the effect a nonsense mutation would have on a gene? | It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA. |
| Using the code, what amino acid does ACA code for? | Thr |
| The tRNA shown in the figure has its 3′ end projecting beyond its 5′ end. Which of the following processes will occur at this 3′ end? | The amino acid binds covalently |
| Under what conditions does the trp repressor block transcription of the trp operon? | when the repressor binds to tryptophan |
| How are genes turned on and off? | external and internal environments send signals |
| What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule shown in the figure? | hydrogen bonding between base pairs |
| Which one of the following structures, if missing, would usually prevent translation from starting? | AUG codon |
| Which of the following processes occurs during transcription? | RNA is synthesized |
| Which of the following processes occurs when termination of translation takes place? | A stop codon is reached. |
| In a eukaryotic cell, Transcription takes place in the ______________ and Translation takes place at the ______________. | nucleus; cytoplasm |
| What is the genotype for blood type O? | ii |
| Heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal are called? | carriers |
| The genotype IAi is what blood type? | heterozygous A |
| Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The flower color trait in radishes is an example of which of the following inheritance patterns? | incomplete dominance |
| Blood type, IAIB displays which type of dominance? | codominance |
| If a woman with type AB blood marries a man with type O blood, which of the following blood types could their children possibly have? | A and B |
| Which of the following statements is correct in describing the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross? | A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters that are being studied, and a monohybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for only one character being studied. |
| Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants with a heterozygous genotype? | 2 and 3 |
| If short hair (S) is dominant to long hair (s), animals SS and Ss have the same | phenotype |
| Alternate versions of a gene are called _______________. | alleles |
| Which of the following is an example of homozygous recessive alleles? | aa |
| A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism? | HT |
| In a problem where a red flower (CRCR) is crossed with a white flower (CWCW), the offspring are all pink. This displays which degree of dominance? | incomplete dominance |
| Why did all of the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always look like one of the two parental varieties? | One allele was dominant. |
| Which of the following is not a degree of dominance? | multiple dominance |
| What is the genotype of individual II-5? | ww |
| In a pedigree, what genders does the circle shape indicate? | female |
| If R is dominant to r, the offspring of the cross RR x rr will: | display the same phenotype as the RR parent |
| Phenotype is the _____________ and genotype is the ______________. | physical appearance; genetic makeup |
| In pea plants, the tall phenotype is dominant to the dwarf phenotype. If a heterozygous pea plant is crossed with a homozygous tall pea plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be dwarf in size? | 0 |
| Klinefelter syndrome results in a male (XXY). | True |
| The X chromosomes have ________________. | genes for many characters unrelated to sex |
| What type of alterations reverses the genes orientation? | Inversion |
| Polyploidy is common in animals. | False |
| What are offspring with new combinations of traits called? | recombinants |
| What genotype accurately depicts a carrier female for colorblindness, if N= normal and n=colorblind | XNXn |
| Which of the following is not a recessive X linked disorder? | Turner syndrome |
| What does a recombination frequency of 50% indicate? | The two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes. |
| When one X chromosomeis randomly inactivated during embryonic development, it forms a(n) ________. | Barr body |
| One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this type of chromosomal alteration called? | translocation |
| A recessive allele on the X chromosome is responsible for red-green color blindness in humans. A woman with normal vision whose father is color blind marries a color-blind male. What is the probability that this couple's first son will be color blind? | 1/2 |
| When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result? | The gene involved is located on the X chromosome. |
| What genotype accurately depicts a male with hemophilia, if N=normal and n=hemophiliac | XnY |
| Which of the following statements correctly describes the reason that closely linked genes are typically inherited together? | They are located close together on the same chromosome. |
| The genotype for a female is _______. | XX |
| What may be caused by translocations of chromosomes? | Chronic myelogenous leukemia |
| What was the key development of the chromosome theory of inheritance? | Morgan's discovery of the trait that correlated with the sex of his organism. |
| Why does Drosophila make for a good study organism? | only four pairs of chromosomes and bred every two weeks with many offspring |
| Between which two genes would you expect the highest frequency of recombination? | A and G |
| Thomas Hunt Morgan studied ___________ as his experimental organism. | fruit fly |
| Which of the following investigators was (were) responsible for the discovery that in DNA from any species, the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine? | Erwin Chargaff |
| Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of a eukaryotic chromosome? | It is a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA plus proteins. |
| Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine, and cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine. What is the significance of the structural arrangement? | It permits complementary base pairing. |
| Telomere shortening puts a limit on the number of times a cell can divide. Research has shown that telomerase can extend the life span of cultured human cells. How might adding telomerase affect cellular aging? | Telomerase eliminates telomere shortening and retards aging. |
| DNA contains the template needed to copy itself, but it has no catalytic activity in cells. What catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in the DNA polymer being formed during DNA replication? | DNA polymerase |
| In DNA replication, the resulting daughter molecules contain one strand of the original parental DNA and one new strand. What is the explanation for this phenomenon? | DNA replication is semiconservative. |
| Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between the leading and the lagging strands of DNA during DNA replication? | The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction. |
| It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information. Which of the following characteristics of DNA is responsible for this? | sequence of bases |
| In E. coli, which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand in the 5' → 3' direction? | DNA polymerase III |
| Why does a new DNA strand elongate only in the 5' to 3' direction during DNA replication? | DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only to the free 3' end. |
| Which of the following facts did Hershey and Chase make use of in trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material? | DNA contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not. |
| What are telomeres? | the ends of linear chromosomes |
| What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication? | It joins Okazaki fragments together. |
| What are responsible for the first level of chromatin packing? | histones |
| Thymine makes up 28% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be guanine? | 22% |
| In his transformation experiments, what phenomenon did Griffith observe? | Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form. |
| Which of the following characteristics would you expect of a eukaryotic organism that lacks the enzyme telomerase? | a reduction in chromosome length in chromosome |
| Semiconservative replication involves a template. What is the template? | one strand of the DNA molecule |
| Which of the following types of molecules help bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA? | single-strand binding proteins |
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