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ES Test 4 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| events occurs quickly with devastating consequences, volcanoes, earthquakes, meteor impacts, flooding | Catastrophism |
| events on Earth occur over vast periods of time, geologic process operate slowly, weathering, magma cooling, plate tectonics | Uniformitarianism |
| unless overturned, younger rocks are on top and older rocks are on bottom. | Law of Superposition |
| when first deposited, layers of rock will be parallel to the Earth's surface | Law of Original Horizontality |
| when materials are deposited in a basin, they will extend across it until they thin and pinch out against the opposite side of the basin | Law of Lateral Continuity |
| a rock must exist before it can be modified; a rock must be formed before a magma body can intrude into it or a fault can cut through it | Principle of Cross Cutting Relationships |
| fragments of rocks found within other layers of rock must be older than the layers of rocks containing the fragments. | Principle of Inclusions |
| A gap in the geologic record caused by a lack of deposition or erosion | Unconformity |
| occurs when there is break in a sedimentary rock sequence where the rock layers are still parallel. These can be difficult to identify in the field unless a soil or erosional surface developed between the layers. | Disconformity |
| sedimentary rocks lifted by tectonics, eroded before more rock was deposited on top | Angular Uncomformity |
| sedimentary rocks in contact with igneous or metamorphic rocks | Nonconformity |
| Are the remains and traces of plants and animals that have lived on Earth in the past | Fossils |
| The study of fossils | Paleontology |
| Occurs when mineral rich water flows through material and the minerals precipitate out in pore space and replace the original material | Permineralization |
| When a shell or other structure is buried by sediment and later dissolved | Mold |
| If minerals precipitate out inside the mold | Cast |
| Impression | |
| Trace Fossils | |
| process of matching rocks from different locations that are the same age | Correlation |
| easily recognized, thin sedimentary layer deposited over a geographically large area in a short timespan | Key Bed |
| organisms have changed over time in a definite and recognizable order, therefore the relative age of sedimentary rocks can be determined from fossils. | Principle of Faunal Succession |
| Used for correlation& dating; must be: Abundantly preserved, Geographically widespread, Existed for a relatively short time period, & Easily identified in the field | Index Fossil |
| process of measuring the absolute age of rocks, minerals and fossils by measuring the relative amount of parent and daughter isotopes. | Radiometric Dating |
| is a subdiscipline of geology that draws from biology, chemistry and physics to study the world's oceans. The oceans cover about 360 million square kilometers (about 71% of Earth's surface). | Oceanography |
| Is the total amount of dissolved solid material in water | Salinity |
| exist from 300 to 1,000m where the temperature of the water declines rapidly until the temperature levels just above freezing. | Thermocline |
| sees little tectonic activity as this is not a plate boundary but oceanic & continental crust firmly attached (i.e east coast of North America). | Passive Continental Margin |
| Is a shallow, gently sloping surface formed as sediment from rivers is redistributed by ocean currents | Continental Shelf |
| At the shelf edge, the sea floor increases in slope (4-5°) and plunges to a depth of up to 5km over a distance of 50km or less. This area is the _____ ____ | Continental Slope |
| The steepness decreases as the slope merges with the ocean floor over a space of several hundred kilometers. | Continental Rise |
| results from failure along the slope when water saturated sediment fails and flows down. These have great erosive power and move rapidly. | Turbidity Currents |
| occur where oceanic crust is subducting beneath continental crust. Active margins have a narrow or no shelf. The sediment from the continent is dumped into the trench. | Active Continental Margin |
| Sediment scraped off of the subduction crust is deformed and creates an ____ ____. | Accretionary Wedge |
| Is a submarine mountain rising 1km or more above the ocean floor | Seamount |
| When oceanic islands sink below the sea the top may erode flat | Guyot |
| is sand, silt & clay eroded from continents and carried to the ocean floor by gravity & submarine currents. | Terrigenous Sediment |
| consists of the shells and skeletons of marine animals and algae. The most common of which is calcareous ooze made of calcite that has the consistency of mud. | Biogenous Sediment |
| precipitate directly from sea water. Some limestones, mostly metals like manganese, copper, iron, nickel and cobalt. | Hydrogenous Sediment |
| Circular moving current systems dominating the ocean surface | Gyre |
| These changes in temperature and salinity produce | Thermohaline Circulation |
| Is the time for two successive crests to pass a point | Wave period |
| The distance between successive crests | Wave length |
| The distance from the trough to the crest | Wave height |
| Waves typically approach the coast at an angle, this one end of wave slows before the other | Wave refraction |
| As waves hit the shore at an oblique angle, sand is pushed up the beach in the direction of the wave. When the wave retreats, the sand travels directly back to the water. | Beach Drift |
| Waves approaching the coast at an angel and run parallel to the coastline | Longshore Current |
| is a long, low-lying island that runs parallel to the shore (i.e. Padre Island). | Barrier Island |
| is the process of using structures built along the shoreline to prevent movement of sand and decrease erosion. | Hard Stabilization |
| is a man-made structure protruding into the ocean. It traps sand on the upstream side but the beach is eroded on the down stream side. | Groin |
| are constructed to protect buildings and roads along shore lines. The sea wall in Galveston was constructed after a devastating hurricane in 1900. | Seawall |
| forms when a piece of the continent that was under water becomes dry land | Emergent Coastline |
| is the result of the sea flooding previously dry land and the shoreline moves inward. | Submergent Coastline |
| A shallow imprint of an organism in sediment that does not contain organic material. | |
| Are evidence of once living organisms and include tracks, burrows, trails, coprolites, and gastroliths. |
Created by:
Jessilester