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Carbon Cycle
Bio
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aerobic | processes, organisms, or environments that require or occur in the presence of free oxygen |
| Anerobic | the study of organisms (anaerobes) and processes that do not require molecular oxygen for growth, metabolism, or energy production |
| ATP | the primary energy currency for all living cells, fueling essential processes like metabolism, muscle contraction, and substance transport |
| ATP sythase | a crucial enzyme and molecular motor found in cell membranes that produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of life, from ADP and inorganic phosphate |
| Calorie | a unit of energy measuring the fuel provided by food and utilized by organisms for metabolic processes |
| Calvin Cycle | The Calvin cycle is a series of light-independent, enzyme-driven biochemical reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts that converts atmospheric carbon dioxide |
| Carbohydrate | Carbohydrates are organic macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically in a atomic ratio H. They are essential biological molecules acting as the primary energy source (glucose), energy storage (starch/glycogen), and structural comp |
| Cellular Resparation | a set of metabolic reactions that convert biochemical energy from nutrients (such as glucose) into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), releasing waste products like carbon dioxide and water |
| Chemical Reaction | a process that rearranges molecular structures within living organisms, converting reactants (substrates) into new products to sustain life. |
| Chlorophyll | a green, light-absorbing pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, essential for photosynthesis |
| Electron Transport chain | a series of protein complexes and organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (or prokaryotic plasma membrane) that transfers electrons from donors to acceptors via redox reactions. |
| Fermentation | a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes, allowing cells to generate energy (ATP) without oxygen |
| Glycolysis | the fundamental metabolic pathway occurring in the cytosol of cells that breaks down one 6-carbon molecule of glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules |
| Krebs Cycle | a key series of enzymatic reactions in aerobic respiration, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | first stage of photosynthesis occurring in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH). These reactions utilize chlorophyll to absorb sunlight, splitting water molecules (photolysis) to re |
| Light-Independent Reactions | Light-independent reactions (or the Calvin Cycle) are the second stage of photosynthesis that uses ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions to fix into sugars. Occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts, these reactions create glucose and carbohydrates, |
| Lipid | essential macromolecules serving as key structural components of cell membranes (phospholipids), long-term energy storage (triglycerides), and signaling molecules (hormones) |
| Matrix | the structural, jelly-like material, tissue, or fluid in which cells, fibers, or specialized components are embedded |
| Monomer | a small, repeating molecular subunit that acts as a building block for larger biological macromolecules, known as polymers |
| NAD+ | an essential coenzyme found in all living cells, acting as a crucial electron carrier in redox reactions and a substrate for signaling proteins |
| NAPD+ | an essential coenzyme found in all living cells, acting as a crucial electron carrier in redox reactions and a substrate for signaling proteins |
| Nucleic Acid | large, chain-like biological macromolecules—specifically polymers of nucleotides—that store and express genetic information in cells and viruses. |
| Nucleotide | the fundamental monomeric unit and building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) |
| Photosynthesis | the biological process where green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy (glucose) to fuel their growth |
| Photosystem | a functional and structural unit of protein and pigment complexes (mainly chlorophyll) located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, responsible for capturing light energy to drive photosynthesis |
| Pigment | a colored, organic molecule found in plant or animal cells that imparts color to skin, hair, tissues, or plant parts by absorbing specific wavelengths of light and reflecting others |
| Polymer | a large molecule (macromolecule) formed by linking smaller, repeating structural units called monomers together in long chains |
| Products | the substances or molecules formed as a result of a biological or chemical process |
| Protein | large, complex biomolecules essential for all living organisms, acting as the primary functional and structural components of tissues and organs |
| Reactants | the starting substances in a chemical reaction that are consumed, altered, or rearranged to form new products. |
| Stroma | two distinct types of structural and functional frameworks: botany and cell biology anatomy |
| Thylakoid | a specialized, membrane-bound sac or disk inside chloroplasts (in plants/algae) and cyanobacteria, which acts as the primary site for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis |
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