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ch 20 and 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which has thicker walls? (veins or arteritis) | Arteries |
| Why do arteries have thicker walls? | Under great pressure and closer to the pump (heart) |
| Which have a smaller diameter and why? | Arteries have a smaller diameter to maintain pressure |
| What helps return blood back to the heart? | Valves |
| What do valves help fight against? | Low blood pressure and gravity |
| Defective valve condition? | Varicose veins |
| Nervi vasorum | nerves of vessels |
| Where does the gas from blood to the tissues happen? | Capillaries |
| What drains the capillary beds? | Venules |
| Tunica intima | inner layer |
| tunica media | middle layer |
| Tunica externa | outer layer |
| Where do you need more elasticity in an artery? | Closer to the heart |
| What is the thickest layer of an artery? | Tunica media |
| What is the most elastic artery? | The aorta |
| What is a capillary composed of? | A single layer of squamous epithelium and a sparse basal lamina |
| Continuous Capillaries | Most common, complete endothelial lining, lots of transport vesicles, and allows water, other small molecules, and white blood cells to go through |
| Fenestrated Capillaries | has pores, permeable to larger molecules, number of fenestrations and their degree of permeability vary |
| Where is fenestrated capillaries located? | small intestines, kidneys, and many endocrine glands |
| Sinusoid Capillaries | Least common, incomplete basement membrane, intercellular clefts and fenestrations, passage of largest molcules, proteins, and even cells |
| Where is sinusoid capillaries located? | liver, spleen, and bone marrow |
| How much of your blood is in your systemic vein? | 64% |
| Systolic pressure | is the higher value and reflects the arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction, or systole |
| Diastolic pressure | is the lower value and represents the arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation, or diastole |
| What is the average blood pressure in adults? | 120/80 |
| Pulse pressure | the difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure |
| How do you find pulse pressure? | systolic pressure - diastolic pressure = pulse pressure |
| What can a low pulse pressure indicate? | low stroke volume |
| What can a high pulse pressure indicate? | excessive resistance in the arteries |
| Mean arterial pressure | represents the "average" pressure of blood in the arteries, that is, the average force driving blood into vessels that serve the tissue |
| ischemia | insufficient blood flow |
| hypoxia | inadequate oxygenation of tissues |
| Pulse points | expansion and recoiling of the artery due to blood being ejected from the heart |
| Cardiac output | amount of blood pumped by each ventricle during one minute; equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume |
| Compliance | ability of a vessel to distend and store blood |
| Viscosity | the state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency |
| Atherosclerosis | result from plaques formed by the buildup of fatty, calcified deposits in an artery |
| Skeletal muscle pump | The contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding a vein compresses the blood and increases the pressure in that area, forcing the blood closer to the heart |
| Respiratory Pump | increase in the volume of the thorax during inhalation that decreases air pressure, enabling venous blood to flow into the thoracic region |
| Venoconstriction | increases pressure within a vein |
| Increase in viscosity = | decrease in flow / pressure |
| Decrease in viscosity = | increase in flow / pressure |
| Increased resistance = | decreased flow |
| Blood flow is directly related to what? | blood pressure |
| What causes an increase in viscosity? | dehydration, increase in red blood cells |
| What causes a decrease in viscosity? | anemia, water retention, liver disease or damage that decreases the amount of albumin produced |
| Increased blood vessel length: | more resistance further distance to travel will take more time, body will need to increase pressure |
| Decrease blood vessel length: | less resistance shorter distance to travel will take less time, body can use less pressure to keep blood flowing |
| Hypovolemia | decrease in blood volume |
| Hypervolemia | increase in blood volume |
| What causes hypovolemia? | bleeding, dehydration, vomiting, severe burns, and medications |
| What causes hypervolemia? | retaining water |
| What structure belongs to the respiratory zone? | Alveoli |
| The conducting zone primarily functions to: | Filter and warm air |
| What is NOT a function of the nasal cavity? | Gas exchange |
| The epiglottis prevents: | food from entering trachea |
| What keeps the trachea open? | Cartilage rings |
| Type II alveolar cells produce: | Surfactant |
| Alveolar macrophages funtion to: | Remove debris and pathogens |
| The pleura primarily: | reduces friction during breathing |
| The visceral pleura covers the: | lung surface |
| Pleural fluid: | Lubricates lung movement |
| According to Boyle's law, when volume increases pressure: | decreases |
| During inhalation: | alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric |
| During quiet exhalation: | alveolar pressure rises above atmospheric |
| Increased airway resistance causes gas flow to: | decrease |
| Tidal volume refers to: | air moved during normal breathing |
| High CO2 in alveoli causes bronchioles to: | dilate |
| External respiration occurs between: | Alveoli and blood |
| Internal respiration occurs between: | Blood and tissue |
| Most oxygen is transported as: | oxyhemoglobin |
| Fetal hemoglobin: | has higher oxygen affinity |
| Most CO2 is transported as: | bicarbonate ions |
| Which tunic contains smooth muscle that regulates vessel diameter? | Tunica media |
| The endothelium is part of which layer? | Tunica intima |
| Which layer provides structural support and anchors vessels to surrounding tissues? | Tunica externa |
| Which vessel type contains the most elastic fibers and helps maintain blood pressure during diastole? | Elastic artery |
| Which vessels are the primary regulators of peripheral resistance? | Arterioles |
| The femoral artery would be classified as a: | Muscular artery |
| Blood enters a capillary bed from a(n): | Metarteriole |
| Precapillary sphincters control: | Blood flow into capillaries |
| Capillaries in the liver and bone marrow are: | Sinusoidal |
| Capillaries in the kidneys used for filtration are: | Fenestrated |
| What is the primary function of venous valves? | Prevent backflow of blood |
| Compared to arteries, veins: | Have larger lumens |
| Pulse pressure equals: | Systolic − diastolic |
| Mean arterial pressure is best described as: | Average arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle |
| Which factor increases blood pressure? | Increased cardiac output |
| Which change increases resistance most? | Increased blood viscosity |
| Fluid not reabsorbed by capillaries enters the: | Lymphatic system |
Created by:
michelle57