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Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acinar cells | secrete digestive enzymes (pancreatic juice) |
| Hepatocytes | in liver; process nutrients, toxins, waste via blood |
| Central vein | in liver; drains blood into hepatic vein |
| Stomach | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, & serosa/peritoneum |
| Mucosa | contains epithelial cells and gastric pits |
| Mucosa | mainly for chemical digestion and absorption |
| Stomach acid | stabilize HCL |
| Gastric pit | opens to gastric glands |
| Submucosa | connective tissue that supports & contains glands and blood vessels |
| Gastric juice | stomach is always secreting them |
| Muscularis | Circular, Longitudinal, & Oblique |
| Muscularis | mix the food with the gastric juice |
| Muscularis | mechanical digestion |
| Gastric juice | Hcl + Digestive enzyme + food = chyme |
| Muscularis | moving the chyme, nutrients, & water along the canal |
| Serosa (Peritoneum) | reduce friction |
| Serosa (Peritoneum) | sac that holds digestive organs w/in the abdominal cavity |
| Serosa (Peritoneum) | Visceral & Parietal peritoneum |
| Serosa (Peritoneum) | damage will cause hard to breath (small intestine will start to push through the diaphragm) |
| Digestive functions | break down food, release & absorb nutrients, & remove indigestible materials |
| Alimentary canal (GI tract/ gut) organs | mouth to anus (pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines), nourish body & fit body's functional needs |
| Alimentary canal's mucosa | secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, & hormones |
| Alimentary canal's mucosa | absorb, protect, & filled w/ gastric pits (entry of gastric gland) |
| Gastric gland | secrete gastric juice & hormone gastrin |
| Digestive acc. | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, & tongue |
| Digestive acc. | aid food breakdown & nutrient assimilation |
| Liver | produce bile & export it to duodenum |
| Gallbladder | stores, releases, & concentrates bile |
| Pancrea | its juice (digestive enzymes & HCO-3) bring it to duodenum |
| Acinus | exocrine gland in pancrea |
| Pancreas digestive enzymes for protein | trypsinogen (inactive) to trypsin (active) & chymotrypsinogen to chymotropsin |
| Inactive enzyme in pancreas | so it doesn't digest itself |
| Pancreas digestive enzymes for sugar | Amylase (active) |
| Pancreas secretion | Digestive enzymes and NaHCO3 |
| NaHCO3 | H+ and Cl - (from parietal cell) |
| NaHCO3 | vital for acid neutralization |
| Liver | large right role and much smaller left lobe |
| Porta hepatis | Hepatic artery & portal vein enter the liver |
| HCl ph level | 1 |
| Chyme ph level | 3 (still acidic) |
| HCO-3 | help neutralize the acid to prevent burning the pancrease |
| Liver | detoxification, sugar metabolism, produce bile to help in lipid/fat absorption |
| Enterohepatic circulation | reusing/recycling most bile, few will go to feces |
| Hepatocytes | shaped in hexagon/lobular |
| Portal vein | bring in blood to central vein from digestive organs (stomach, pancreas, & intestine to hepatic portal) |
| Absence of gallbladder | difficult in absorbing fat |
| Liver digestion | most absorbed as is |
| Liver digestion | hydrophobic (can't attach to a cell) so bile (hydrophilic) instead are covered so cell can grab them |
| Emulsification | bile surrounds the liver in order for cells to absorb them |
| Phospholipid | phospo, glycerol, fatty, no need to break them down bc it will be reused again as a whole |
| Ingestion | food entering via mouth |
| Propulsion | food move via gi tract |
| Peristalsis | alternative waves of contraction & relaxation (aid in mixing food w/ digestive juices) |
| Absorption | at small intestine |
| Mechanical digestion | breaking food into smaller pieces |
| Segmentation | contraction of circular muscles |
| Contraction | isolate sections of intestine moving their contents back and forth |
| Rectum | Valves separate gas from feces from releasing both at the same time |
| Lexical valve | Doorway of large intestine |
| Cecum | 1st part of large intestine |
| Gastric gland cells | Parietal, chief, and enteroendocrine cell |
| Parietal cell | Produce hcl that denature protein for easier enzymatic digestion; kills bacteria |
| Parietal cell | Produce intrinsic factor which absorb vit b12 |
| Vit b12 | Maturation of rbc, dna synthesis, myelin synthesis |
| Chief cell | Produce hormone pepsinogen |
| Pepsinogen | Inactive digestive enzyme for protein; has to go out to the gastric juice |
| Pepsinogen | When mixed w/ HCL, it turns to pepsin (active enzyme) |
| Enteroendocrine cell | Produce hormone gastrin which promote HCl production and digestion |
| Oral cavity | Cheeks, tongue, palate |
| Oral cavity | 1st process of mechanical and chemical digestion |
| Oral cavity associations | Tongue, salivary glands, and teeth |
| Salivary glands | Produce saliva (95.5% is water); rest is ions, glycoproteins, enzymes, growth factors, & waste |
| Saliva amalyse | Initiates the carb breakdown |
| Bile | Mixture to help emulsify lipids in small intestine |
| Segmentation | Mixing and separating to enhance chemical digestion |
| Intestines | Use peristalsis which is the movement of food via th canal as account of smooth muscle contractions |
| Stomach | Mechanical digestion |
| Small intestine | Chemical ideation, segmentation, and (Mainly) absorption |
| Wraps of mucosa | Increase surface area, slows the chyme, and circular folds |
| Circular folds | Slow down chyme (mechanical digestion takes time) |
| Deep ridges in circular folds | Cause chyme to spiral for nutrient intake |
| Wraps of mucosa characteristics | Absorption (increase surface area) |
| Vili | Columnar epithelial cell; stem cell to renew the mucosa |
| Carbohydrate Digestion | Occur in small ingestion (amalyse and lactase) - lactose intoleration (doesn’t have lactate: cause digestive problems) |
| Pharynx (throat) | Digestion and respiration; where food enters |
| Protein digestion | Occur most in stomach (and small int) |
| Stomach protein digestion | Pepsin, HCl |
| Small int protein digestion | Trypsin, and other enzymes from pancreas and small intestine to break them down into amino acids) |
| Esophagus | Connect pharynx to stomach |
| Esophagus | Collapsed form: not engaged in swallowing |
| Esophageal hiatus | Opening where esophagus penetrates the diaphragm |
| Esophagus | Food go stomach at the esophageal (GI/Cardiac) sphincter |
| Heart burn ( Acid indigestion/GERD) | Reflux stomach acid touching esophagus |
| Heart burn (Acid indigestion/GERD) | Can cause serious complications overtime; ex: esophagitis stricture and respiratory problems |
| Gallstones | Block bile ducts which sudden pain in your upper right abdomen |
| Lipid digestion | Mostly in small intestion |
| Lipid digestion | Pancreatic lipased breaks down lipid and emulsifies w/in the bile and absorbed by small intestine but transport via lymphatic system |
| Nucleus acid digestion | Pancreatic nuclear (dna and rna) broken down to pentose, phosphate, and nitgregous based which can be absorbed via alimnentary canal |
| Cecum | 75% of water in large intestine occur and Na+ |
| Cecum | Removing water will solidify waste |
| Large intestine | Absorption, solidify waste |
| Haustra | Bubble-shaped due to muscle contractions |
| Large int characterisiticd | Haustra, teniae colo, and epiglottis appendages |
| Teniae coli | Longitudinal muscle that only at one and pull on others |
| Epiglottic appendages | Sacs of fat sorroinding the large intestine |
| Large intestine | Finis nutrient and water absorption, synthesize vitamins, form and eliminate feces |
| Vermiform | Intestinal flora: produce vital vit (like k) from consuming waste |
| Duodenum | Beneath pyloric sphincter where chyme mix w/ bile and pancreatic enzymes |
| Duodenal glands | Located in submucosa; produce HCl alkaline mucus for buffering the acidic chyme for stomach |
| Intestinal crypt | Goblet cells produce mucus and enteroendocrine cell secret digestive hormones |
| Pylorus | Connects stomach to duodenum |
| Pyloric sphincter | Controls stomach emptying |
| Pylorus ruga | Large fold in absence of food |
| Gastric juice | HCl and digestive enzyme |
| Hydrolysis | Used for chemical digestion in small intestine where enzymes break large food molecules (protein, lipids, nucleic acids, and starches) small enough to be absorbed by the alimentary canal lining |
| Large intestine ces | Goblet and enterocytes |
| Enterocytes | Absorb H2O and Na+ and Vitaming by intestinal bacteria |
| Epiploic appendages | Small, fat-filled sac of visceral peritonrum attached to the teniae coli |
| Bacterial flora | W/in large intestine to facilitate chemical digestion ; synthesize vitamin (biotin, panthothenjc acid, and K); linked to increase immune response |
| Bacteria flora | Prevented from crossing the mucosa epithelium |
| Hepatic lobule | Where hepatocytes (hepatic laminar) radiate outward from the portal vein |
| Bile canaliculi | In between adjacent hepatocytes |
| Hepatic sinusoid | Open, porous blood space formed by capillaries from hepatic portal veins and arteries |
| Hepatic sinusoid | Combine and send blood to a central vein (hepatic to ivc) |
| Hepatic sinusoid | Contain kuppfer cell that remove dead rbc, wbc, bacteria, etc. |
| Lipase | Essential for lipid breakdown into fatty acids and glycerol |
| Pepsin | Break down proteins into peptides and amino acids |
| Protein digestion | Mostly in small intestine |
| Amalyse | Responsible for carbohydrates digestion |
| Hepatic sinusoids | Filtration |
| Microvili in small intestine | Nutrient absorption |
| Circular folds | Increase surface area and slow down chyme to enhance nutrient absorption |
| Chemical digestion | Primarily in small intestine |
| Periotenium | Protection against mechanical abrasion |
| Simple columnar epithelium | Responsible for absorption and secretion |
| Mucosa layer in alimentary canal | Protection against foodborne bacteria and absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream |
| Peristalsis | Major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal |
| Gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter | Keeps orifice close when food is not swallowed |
| Chyme | Combination of food and gastric juice |
| Oblique | Increase physical break down |
| Liver | Contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure |
| Portal triad | Bile duct, hepatic artery, and hepatic portal vein |
| Emulsification | Of large fat droplets with bile salts aid |
| Pancreatic juice | Breakdown carb, lipids, and proteins |
| Trypsin | Enzyme that digest proteins into peptides |
| Defecation reflex | Relaxation of both internal and external anal sphincters |
| Carbohydrates digestion | Mouth, small intestine, and pancreas |
| Enzymes in protein digestion | Pepsin and trypsin |
| Stomach | Reservoir for food involved in both chemical and mechanical digestion |
| Teaniae Coli | Muscle bands in the large intestine |
| Uvula | Small piece of tissue that protrudes from the small palate |
| Voluntary phase | First phase of swallowing |
| Vit k | Essential for blood clotting |
| Iodine | Provide essential constituents of thyroid hormone |
| Submucosa | Responsible for peristalsis |
| Gastric juice | Hydrochloric acid, mucus, and intrinsic factor |
| Appendix | Lymphoid tissue part of the large intestine |
| Amalyse | Enzyme responsible for carbohydrate breakdown |
| Parotid | Salivary gland |
| Pepsin | Enzyme responsible for the digestion for protein |
| Gastrin | Hormone that stimulate secretion of hci |
| Pancreas | Produce enzymes that break down all categories of foodstuff |
| Large intestine | Bacteria process undigested chyme from the small intestine |
| Stomach | Produce intrinsic factor |
| Hci | Responsible for prevention of microbes invading in the stomach |
| Pancreas | Has both endocrine and exocrine function |
| Chemical digestion | Splitting large molecules using enzymes and catabolic reactions |
| Amylase | Produce in salivary gland and pancreas |
| Respiratory system functions | Provide oxygen to body tissues to cellular respiration, remove waste product, and help maintain acid-base balance |
| Upper respiratory system | Nose, relations, and pharynx |
| Lower respiratory | Larynx, trachea, bronchi and branches, lungs, and alveoli |
| Conducting zome | Indirectly-involved organ/structures in gas exchange, for ex: terminal bronchile |
| Respiratory zone | Where gas exchange occurs; for ex: alveolar sac and duct and respiratory bronchiole |
| Alveoli | Simple squamous epithelium |
| Type 1 alveoli | Form the walls and main function is to has exchange |
| Type 2 alveoli | Produce surfactant protein which create water’s surface tension (help is better gas exchange) via hydrogen bond |
| Surfactant | Bread/reduces the surface tension allowing O2 diffusion |
| Pulmonary ventilaton | Gas movement in and out of lungs |
| External respiration | Gas movement between (lung) alveoli and blood |
| Gas atmosphere | Gas movement w/in blood |
| Internal respiration | Gas movement between blood and tissues |
| Respiratory membrane | Type 1 alveoli, basement membrane, and cells forming the wall of blood capillary |
| Basement membrane | Attach alveoli to blood capillary holds the elastic fibers |
| Macrophages | Inside alveolous |
| O2 gas transportation | 98.8 bind to Hg |
| O2 gas transportation | 1.5% diffuse w/in plasma |
| CO2 gas transportation | 1-10% diffuse w/in plasma |
| CO2 gas transportation | 2-25% binds to Hg w/in RBCs |
| CO2 Gas transportation | 3-70% move to and convert to HCO3 which diffused toward lungs and get converted back at lungs and leave the blood to alveoli and toward outside |
| Lungs | Pyramid-shaped that rest on the diaphrahm |
| Right lung | Shorter and wider |
| Left lung | Occupies a smaller volume |
| Respiration proceds | Pulmonary ventilation, esv, blood transport, isv |
| External respiration (ERV) | Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood |
| Esv | Air that can be forcefully exhaled |
| Internal respiration | Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and cells |
| ISV | Produced by a deep inhalation |
| Asthma | Increased thick mucus layer which decrease the wall of gases to diffuse and decrease respiration |
| Asthma | Conduction system is blocked |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | “Smoker’s cough”; constant symptoms of astjma |
| Emphysema | Lung enlargement |
| Emphysema | Damage to alveoli/air sacs, no force to recoil, and body doesn’t get enough O2 |
| Small cell carcino | Hardest to treat |
| Atmosphere pressure (outside) | Equalize intraalveolar pressure; must equalize or it will collapse |
| Transpulmonaey pressure | 4mmhg difference of intraalveolar and intramural pressure |
| Inhalation | diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract |
| Inhalation | Space inside lung increases will decrease interloper pressure (air will move inside high to low pressure) |
| Exhalatin | Lung space decrease will increase intraalveolar pressure |
| Hypoventilation | Slow breathing and removal of CO2 from blood |
| Respiratory acidosis | CO2 + H2O lead to H2CO3 lead to H+ and HCO3 |
| Respiratory acidosis | Drop of the ph of blood (abnormal accumulation of CO2) |
| Hyperventilation | Fast breathing and removal of CO2 beyond what the body needs |
| Respiratory alkalosis | H+ and HCO-3 lead to H2CO3 lead to CO2 + H2O |
| Respiratory alkalosis | Increase of the ph blood |
| Glottis | Opening in the airway |
| Glottis | Made of vocal (true) chords and vestibular folds |
| Glottis | Help control airflow and make sound |
| Epiglottis | Elastic cartilage that prevent food/liquid from entering the airway |
| Cricoid cartilagr | Ring that connect larynx and trachea |
| Internal respiration | Performed by cardiovascular system; blood and cells/tissues exchange |
| External respiration | Performed by respiratory system |
| Trachea cartilage | Keep trachea open |
| Arytenoid | Open/close vocal cords |
| Arytenoid | Role of ability to talk |
| Bronchiole | Without hyaline cartilage |
| Tidal volume | # of air in and out of lungs at rest |
| Inspiration reserve volume | # of air inhaled after tv |
| Esv | # of air exhaled after tv |
| Residual volume | Air always in lungs to keep them open even after deep exhalation |
| Total lung capacity | Total air you can hold onto |
| Inspiration capacity | # of air can be breathed in addition to normal exhale |
| Functional residual capacity | Air remained in the lungs after irv and normal exhalation |
| Vital capacity | All tangible and controlled air breathed in and out |
| Internal respiration | Gas exchange between blood and interstitial fluid |
| Oxyhemoglobin | Form during external respiration |
| Epiglottis | Flap-like structure that prevent food from entering the larynx |
| Respiratory membrane | Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membrane |
| Intrapulmonary pressure | Pressure within the alveoli of the lungs |
| Alveolar ventilation | Movement of air in and out of the alveoli |
| CO2 partial pressure | Greatest in venous blood |
| Diaphragm during inhalation | |
| Contracts and move downward | |
| Respiratory cycle | Complete sequence of inspiration and expiration |
| Minute ventilation | Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute |
| Respiratory membrane | Gas exchange between air and blood |
| Respiratory acidosis | Increased levels of CO2 |
| Diaphragm | Responsible for 75% of thoracic expansion |
| Rate of breathing increase | Increase CO2 levels, decreased O2 levels, and pyrexia |
| External respiration | Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into pulmonary circulation |
| Hypoxaemia | Reduced level of oxygen in blood |
| Hypoxia | Diminished amount of O2 in tissues |
| Tachypnoea | Fast respiration rate |
| Dyspnoea | Difficult in breathing |
| Air move out of lungs | When pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere |
| Promotes oxygen binding to and away from hemoglobin | Partial pressure of O2 and CO2 and temperature |
| Pseudo stratified collated columnar epithelium | In respiration epithelium of the conducting aiways |
| Carbonic acid | Formation of Co2 and H2O |
| Chloride shift | Transport bicarbonate ions into the blood olasma |
| Pseudostratified columnar | Lined the lumen of trachea |
| Trachea | Windpipe which becomes the trunk and the bronchial tubes |
| Head cold | Upper respiratory infection symptoms |
| Chest cold | Pneumonia and involve lower respiratory tract numb |
| Pharynx | Throat |
| Cellular respiration | Use of oxygen by cells in the process of metabolism |
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FuirzH