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patho
cheat sheet
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osteoarthritis (OA) | Degenerative cartilage loss |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) | Autoimmune synovial inflammation |
| Gout | Uric acid crystal deposition |
| Key symptoms of osteoarthritis | Pain worse with use, better with rest |
| Symptoms of Gout | Sudden severe pain, red hot joint |
| Septic Arthritis | Joint infection |
| Osteoporosis | Bone resorption > formation T cells below 2.5 you have osteoporosis |
| Symptoms of Septic Arthritis | Severe pain, fever, ↓ROM |
| Sprain | Ligament injury |
| clues of Septic Arthritis | Hot swollen single joint |
| Strain | Muscle/tendon injury |
| Herniated Disc | Nucleus pulposus protrusion |
| Clues of herniated disc | +Straight leg raise, sciatica |
| Symptoms of Sprain | Pain, swelling, instability |
| Symptoms of Herniated disc | Back pain + radiating leg pain |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) | Multisystem autoimmune disease (immune complex deposition) |
| Symptoms of strains | Pain with movement |
| Clues of a strain | Muscle spasm/tenderness |
| Symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) | Fatigue, joint pain, rash |
| Clues of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) | Malar rash (butterfly), photosensitivity, oral ulcers |
| Non-erosive | joint pain (unlike RA) |
| Cytopenias | anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia) |
| Neuro symptoms possible | seizures, psychosis |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) | Sun + Systemic + Skin” |
| What is Cancer | uncontrolled, abnormal cell growth due to genetic mutations |
| what is a Normal cell cycle | Grow → divide → die (apoptosis) |
| Which of the following best explains how cancer cells are able to grow uncontrollably? | They ignore growth signals, avoid apoptosis, and divide indefinitely |
| Which characteristic best explains why cancer cells continue growing despite signals to stop? | Ignoring growth inhibition |
| What allows cancer cells to divide indefinitely? | Telomerase activation |
| Why do tumors promote angiogenesis? | To create a blood supply that delivers oxygen and nutrients for continued growth. |
| What does genetic instability in cancer lead to? | More mutations, which can make cancer more aggressive and harder to treat. |
| What is the main difference between benign and malignant tumors? | Benign tumors do not invade or metastasize, while malignant tumors invade surrounding tissue and spread. |
| What is the most common route of cancer spread? | Lymphatic system |
| Which cancer spread method involves tumor cells entering the blood? | Hematogenous (bloodstream) spread |
| Which statement best describes oncogenes? | They promote cell growth when activated |
| What is the role of tumor suppressor genes? | They act as “brakes” to stop cell growth and repair DNA damage. |
| 🔥 Memory: | Cancer = Gas ON (oncogenes) + Brakes OFF (tumor suppressors) |
| What is apoptosis failure? | Cells do not undergo programmed cell death and continue to survive abnormally. |
| What does anaplasia indicate? | Poorly differentiated, aggressive cells |
| Which is most important for prognosis? | Stage |
| What is the difference between grading and staging? | Grade: how abnormal cells look Stage: how far cancer has spread |
| A patient has a non-healing sore and unexplained bleeding. What mnemonic helps remember cancer warning signs? | CAUTION |
| What does the “T” in CAUTION stand for? | Thickening or lump |
| Why does chemotherapy cause hair loss and GI issues? | It targets rapidly dividing cells, including hair follicles and GI lining. |
| What is the most serious complication of chemotherapy? | Infection (due to bone marrow suppression) |
| Which electrolyte abnormality is seen in tumor lysis syndrome? | High potassium |
| What is the biggest danger of tumor lysis syndrome? | Fatal cardiac arrhythmias |
| Which combination indicates lymphoma “B symptoms”? | Fever, night sweats, weight loss |
| Which infection is strongly linked to cancer? | HPV |
| What is the priority nursing intervention for a neutropenic patient? | Strict infection prevention |
| What precaution is needed for low platelets? | Bleeding precautions |
| A patient with cancer shows rapid tumor growth, resistance to cell death, new blood vessel formation, and spread to distant organs. Which best explains these findings? | Hallmarks of cancer progression |
| What is the role of histamine in skin inflammation? | Histamine causes itching, vasodilation, and swelling. |
| What are the main categories of skin infections? | The main categories are bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. |
| What are common bacterial skin infections? | Common bacterial skin infections include cellulitis, impetigo, folliculitis, and abscesses. |
| What are common viral skin infections? | Common viral skin infections include herpes simplex, shingles, and warts. |
| What are common fungal skin infections? | Common fungal infections include tinea and Candida. |
| What are common parasitic skin infestations? | Common parasitic infestations include scabies and lice. |
| What is a high-yield warning sign of skin infection? | A warm, red, painful, spreading lesion should be considered an infection until proven otherwise. |
| How can the skin reflect systemic disease? | The skin can show signs of fluid imbalance and edema, which may reflect underlying systemic disease. |
| What are common causes of edema seen in the skin? | Common causes include heart failure, kidney disease, low albumin, venous insufficiency, and lymphedema. |
| What are the signs of edema in the skin? | Signs include puffy tissues, shiny stretched skin, and pitting edema. |
| What are signs of poor perfusion? | Signs include pale skin, cool skin, slow capillary refill, ulcers, and hair loss on the lower legs. |
| How do pressure injuries develop? | Pressure injuries develop when pressure blocks capillary blood flow, causing ischemia, then cell death, and finally an ulcer. |
| What are common sites for pressure injuries? | Common sites are bony prominences, especially the sacrum, heels, and hips. |
| What factors increase the risk of pressure injuries? | Risk factors include immobility, moisture, friction, and malnutrition. |
| What are the four phases of wound healing in order? | Hemostasis Inflammation Proliferation Remodeling |
| What happens during hemostasis? | During hemostasis, the body works to stop bleeding. |
| What is the easy memory trick for remembering core skin pathophysiology? | Skin = Barrier, Blood flow, Bugs, Burns, Breakdown Barrier = protection failure Blood flow = perfusion and oxygenation Bugs = infection Burns = fluid loss and infection risk Breakdown = ulcers, wounds, delayed healing |
| A patient who is immobile, malnourished, and frequently moist develops a sacral ulcer. What is the most likely cause? | A pressure injury caused by blocked capillary blood flow leading to ischemia and tissue death |
| A patient has a pearly papule on the face. Which skin cancer is most likely? | Basal cell carcinoma |
| Painful punched-out ulcers and cool extremities suggest what? | Arterial disease |
| A patient with burns is at greatest risk for what two major complications? | Fluid loss and infection |
Created by:
ls99510