Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
psychobio 2b lec 7-9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chronological Age | Actual years lived |
| Biological Age | - Age of body + brain due to upkeep, self treatment, life choices etc - Better predictor of disease risk, functional capacity + residual life span |
| Brain-Age gap | - Slope of function decline steepens (declines faster) - Diff btwn bio and chron age |
| UK Biobank | - 2006-10 - 503k pp from 40-69 - MRI scans + other metrics - Bio age strongly predicts perform on range of tasks (alphanumeric path trail, puzzles) |
| Last in first out | - With age, grey matter decreases faster in regions most recently developed (higher functioning, lPFC + posterior cing cort) - Developmentally later areas first to show signs of retrogenesis |
| Link w PFC + perform | Grey matter decline in lPFC and posterior cing cort = assoc w episodic mem loss |
| Hippocamp | - dec in hip vol = dec in working mem, episod mem, processing speed, exec funct - due to simplif of dendrite dens + complexity - occurs = specialised areas (dentate gyrus) - cox et al 2016 = projections btwn hip (dentate gy) + PFC > less conn w PFC |
| Cognitive Reserve | - Abil to withstand neuropathology before showing symps of dementia - Individ diffs in abil to withstand pathologic changes to brain (eg accum of amyloid protein) |
| Over-recruitment | - Older = overrecruit brain regions to offset declining neural effish - Eg overactiv of visual cortex as strat to atten overprepare - compensatory models (PASA; HAROLD) |
| Beta-amyloid proteins | - Detect thru PET scans - Builds in those prone to alzheimers - Disrupts brain funct - Leads to worse protein folding, neuron degradation - Mostly posterior cing cort + medial orbitofrontal cort |
| neuroplasticity, connectivity | Deschwanden et al 2025 - 228 health adu tracked 7 yrs - lower connect obs alongside dec in mem + cog - small prop of within ntwrk connect = incr overtime (12.7%) - stronger bilat frontal func connec = stronger visuospat cog abils |
| maladaptive plasticity | - strengthens harmful patts, linked to neurological condishes - increased connec in pain circs = strengthen sens of pain even after inj healed - maladaptive chngs in reward circs contrib to addic - anx disord = over connect in fear regs |
| brain health | - Diff underlying condishes produce cog impairemnt - Preservation of optim brain integ + mental + cog funct at a given age in absence of overt brain diseass that affect nromal brain funct - Targeting overall health = better at offsetting degradation |
| lifestyle cognition | - physical activity - diet - social isolation - education |
| physical activ | - sedatary behav = moderator of subcort brain vol decline (right hippo, left thal( + reflected in lower crystallised intellig - physical activ = cortical vol incr in frontal + par lobes, improv in atten + mem tasks - overall imo hippocamp vol + synap fu |
| physical activity BDNF | - bdnf protein released thru excercise releases DBHB -> incr neurotrophins + growth -> psychological changes like less retrogen + anx |
| diet | - vit intake assoc w less beta amyloids, slows down grey matt loss - boosts metab needed for effec neuron op, red beta am adhesiveness (zinc) - omega 3 fatty acids = support neuronal membrane, nerve growth incr in hippocamp |
| social isolation, sallinas et al 2021 | - 2171 older partips - compd social ntwrk size + type/freq of support - high listener vs low listener - low listener = cereb vol decline assoc w cog defish - listening = enhance resil to chron stress (neurotrophic presence) |
| education | - cog training helps kaimtain + enhance neural plasticity by engaging cog circuits - Kosmyna et al 2025 |
| ai and education, kosmyna et al 2025 | - 54 students write essays - tool free, search engine or LLMs - diff focus of essays + lang use - llm = mem impaired, info not deeply process - brain connec dec as more ext support used (temproparietal + frontal exec regs) |
| large language model | - open ai models (chatgpt etc) - witholding llm supports mem funct |
| Vegetative state | - Wakefulness without awareness - No sustained, reproducible, purposeful resp to stim |
| Minimally conscious state | - MCS - Inconsistent but reproducible awareness of selves + environ, can show ^ resp to stim |
| awareness | - boly et al 2007 - owen et al 2006 - monti et al 2010 - monti et al 2009 |
| awareness, boly et al 2007 | - 12 healthy volunteers - mental imagery tasks (motor img = tennis, spatial nav = moving thru house) each for 30 secs - motor imagery = supplementary motor area - spat nav = parahip gyrus,, post par lobe, lat premot cort - 100% acc |
| owen et al 2006 | - 23 yr old wom = brain inj road accident - 5 mths after = veg state - fMRI wile perform mental img tasks - showed same patt of activ as healthy ctrls |
| monti et al 2010 | - fMRI 54 partips (vs = 23, mcs = 31) - get yes/no via brain activ - mental img tasks - 5 = willful mod brain activ - 2 = showed no answes - 1 = yes by imagin tennis, no = around house > acc resp for 5/6 q's |
| monti et al 2009 | - meas high lvl cg proc wo need behav expresh - listen words passively vs count trgt words - meas abil to maintain info thru time + alloc atten - 20 helath volun + 1 mcs pat - activ frontopar ntwrk = target detec + working mem - patient = successful |
| fMRI limitations for disorders consciousness | - Physical stress of transferring patient - Patients unable to remain still - Metal implants = common in trauma injured pops - EEG + fNRIS = cheaper more practical + efficient (unaffected by metal, at bedside) |
| EEG studies, Cruse et al 2011 | - 16 vs + 12 healthy ctrls - ev of command flwing as indic of awar (imagine squeezing right hand, wiggling toes) - 3 patients (19%) = rep gen approp eeg resp - beeps incl = automatic resps at beeps |
| diagnosis | - improved diagnosis = new term coined = cognitive motor dissociation - prev misdiagnosis = relies on behav, fMRI + EEG ev shows vs diagnosis is incorrect |
| cognitive motor dissociation | - retain high lvl cog funct despite no obs behav resps to commands - bodien et al 2024 = multinational, 241 pat, incr detection rate to 25% above behav |
| quality of life | Neuroimaging incr opps for comm in bheav non-respons patients w covert awreness, partips in qual of life decisions |
| locked in syndrome | fully conscious, cannot move or speak except eye mvmnts preserved |
| deep brain stimulation (DBS) | - invasive techs - elec impuls deliv thru implanted electrod, change signalling rates in subcort areas - used 4 motor disord, parkinsons, target subcort structs like subthal nuc (STN) (PD med resistance builds up) -needs high precision |
| DBS risks | - failure to target right spot = side effects (impedance of other neurons, device malfunct, infection - imprecision = higher stim needed = more side effects |
| DBS psych side effects | - inhib of functs of limbic reg due to implantation - motor disruption, slurred speech - cog process decline, worse STROOP task perform (okun et al 2009)¨ - frontal lobe dysfunc (dec mem+intell) - sometiems improvements |
| DBS personality change? | - adjacency of ntwrks - knowledge of presence |
| DBS ethical approach | - MRI scanners used for mapping - strong advan = patient can turn device off - noninvasive alternative = TMS |
| TMS | - typically applied to dlPFC - releif froom dep symptoms, above placebo - minimal ide effects = headaches, tiredness, mooddrops |
| seizure | TMS = rare risk of seizure, 1 in 60k |
| neurofeedback | - Self-regulation technique ○ Shown own signals, try to change by changing mental state, reward for right kind of change - success Treat depresh + addic - Prob = adequate ctrl conditions + protoco.s |
| 3T (Tesla) | - fMRI - Stronger magnet, does job better = better res - Prob = not avail at all hosp |
| risk taking | - ado - dual systs model = socioemosh vs ctrl systs - socio emosh = rapid incr in dopaminergic activ in amyg + ventral striatum - ctrl = regulat reward resp (struct dev in PFC + connect to socioemos areas, unfolds more slowly) |
| Peer influence | - Chien et al 2011 = spotlight study - Influence of peer had notable impact on adolescents than other groups, less regulatory infl of lateral PFC |
| Emotional influence | - Casey 2013 - Go no go task on adolescents - Emotional info present = enhanced activ in ventral striatum and less accuracy on task |
| Criminal responsibility | - Juvenile crime - emotional arousal or peers present = teens less resp? - lPFC underdeveloped = unable to do right thing? |
| Diminished responsibility | Factor must be outside person's ctrl |
| Animal research | - Animal findings useful = functional connectivity similar btwn animals and humans - 2020 =2.9 mill proc using animals in UK - Mice, rats, fish = 92% of figure |
| Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 | - any proc may cause pain, suff, distress, lasting harm = regd under act + home off - ranking from non sever, mild, moderate, sev - diff to get license grant for mild+ - mild = any interfer w normal living (eg meds) |
| NC3Rs | - National centre for replacement, refinement + reduction of animal research |
| Replacement | - Instead of animal, use something else - Alternative ○ Organ-on-a-chip system = sep ethical risks (reliane on stem cells) ○ Use of AI on existing dat = eventsh need new dat + AI risks ○ 3D bioprinted tissues |
| Reduction | - Animals (scientific procedures) act 1986 = use min numb of animals poss ○ Approp pilot studies ○ Reliable measures of behav ○ Good experimental design ○Approp use of stat tests |
| Refinement | - enrich environment rather than empoverishing it in studies - More ethical choices, more positive polarity |
Created by:
melissa.sjolin