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Psychobio 2B lec 4-6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social brain areas | - mPFC + temporal parietal junc = inference of mental states - posterior superior temporal sulcus = percep of faces, und nonverb comm - interparietal sulc + inferior fro gy = general func - limbic sttructs = amyg + anterior insula = affective element |
| Social environment | - Sallet et al 2011 ○ Macaques living in larger groups have larger vol in mid superior temporal sulcus and rostral pfc ○ Each additional memb of social ntwrk = 5% vol increase in these areas |
| Amygdala | - "hub" for social brain - Diff sections involved in diff social brain ntwrks - Ventrolateral amygdala = Perception ntwrk - Medial amygdala = Affiliation ntwrk - Rostrodorsal amygdala = Aversion ntwrk |
| Perception network | - sens processes = detecting interp social sigs from others in contect of past exp + now goals - ventrolat amyg, lateral orbitofrontal cort = input from sens areas (temp cort) from social sali stim - bad facial percep + und sarc = struct diffs in regs |
| Affiliation network | - motiv prosoh affil behav (comf loved one) - nuclei med amyg + ventromedial pfc conn w subgenual anterior cc + ventromed striat - reso to pics of <3 1s + pos sosh feedback, motiv altruistic behav - dec grey mattin vmPFC + acc = less emp + warmth |
| Aversion network | - enabling avoid behavs - nuclei rostrodorsal amyg + caudal acc connect pain sens targets (anterior insula) - regs resp to untrustworthy + neg social feedback > disgust, uncooperative decish - frontotemp demensh = more trust strange, fall 4 scams |
| Empathy | - Natural cap to share, understand + respond w care to affective states of others |
| Empathy for pain, singer et al 2004 | - fMRI on couples - elec shock to partip or partner - pain only partner = shared centres + vis centres - self pain = sensory centres - both pain = anterior insula, rACC - emp questionnaire - couples = strong emp reac, areas for pain percep + self/ot |
| Likeability, singer et al 2006 | - partips fair/unfair - econ game = give moeny (prososh = large, antisosh keep large) - 1st part play game - 2nd part = fMRI (electroshocks, one pers or both ppl) - prososh = insula, ACC activ, unfair less, men = reward systs activ (ventral striat |
| cognitive appraisal, Lamm et al 2007, 10 | - vids of biopsies on ppl dont ep pain (anaesthetised or nat) - emp pain resp in anterior ins + ACC = bottom up resp to avers stim - activ in tempoparietal junc = self/other distinc + inferior front cort = cog ctrl (top down ref to inder oth aff stat) |
| vicarious embarrassment, melchers et al 2015 | - obs social norm vio - vicarious embarrassment activ regs = empathic concern (ACC), TOM (mid temp gyrus), social identity (inferior frontal gyrus) |
| altruism | - Reaction to signals and sitch of othe individ + involves attempt to allev others neg state in absence of any clear immediate benefit to self ○ Individ doesn't gain from it |
| altruism, Cutler + campbell-meiklejohn 2019 | - fMRI anal of altru v strat giving (n=1150) - both activ = nucleus accumb (rewar), ACC (deciding btwn opsh), vmPFC (sosh decish) - altru activ = subgen ACC (intrinsic motiv, charitable donash) strat activ = nucleus accumb (extri stronger than intrins |
| ventromedial pfc activation in altruistic vs strategic giving | - altr = posterior vmPFC (concrete prim rewards, warm glow) - strat = anterior vmPFC (more advanced, abstract, symbolic areas. abstract secondary rewards eg money) |
| abstract social thought | - Abil to interp + react emosh to social info becomes more sophis in ado - Emergence of abstract social reasoning |
| Gotilieb et al 20201, abstract social thought | - mixed methods - ados watch mini docs on social issues = fMRI scanner + open interv - resps coded = concrete (I feel bad) vs abstract (makes me think of idea...) - incr activ in def mode ntwrk = abstract (dmPFC, vmPFC, inf/post posteromed cort) |
| peer influence, chein et al 2011 | - ados, young adu, adu driv alone vs w peer - stoplight task (can drive amber might crash (+6 secs), stop = +3 secs), get to end street in min time - peer pres = risk more, go on amb (reward circuits, ventstriat) - vs activ = slfrep less resis to pr |
| social exclusion, masten et al 2009 | - cuberball, not told plying w comp - inclusion = equal pass prob to all players - exc = after 10, passes only w comps - higher distress slfrep = exclu, incr activ = insula (phys pain), subgen ACC (reg, suppress insula) |
| interpersonal competence | - more comp of peer norms + infl - regulation - reg maps onto other behavs = higher parent reported interpres comp = increase subACC activ |
| Autonomic nervous system | Hosts sympathetic and parasympathetic ns |
| SSympathetic ns resp | - Amygdala sends distress signal > hypothalamus, triggers SNS - Hypothalamus = further signals thru autonomic nerves + adrenal glands - Adrenal glands = epinephrine into bloodstream - Epinephrine = physiological changes as circulates throughout body |
| Fight or flight | - heart rate inc = more blood to bdy prts - breaking incr = more o2 - o2 to brain = incr alertness - heigtened senses = pupils dilate - release blood sug = energy arnd bod - all before full vis process in brain |
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis | - Hormonal system - First Hypothal = corticotropin release - Triggers pituitary gland = adrenocorticotropic hormone - Adrenal gland = glucocorticoids (cortisol) |
| Parasympathetic ns response | - Slows heart rate - Slows breathing (constricts bronchi) - Promotes digestion |
| Transactional model of stress | - Stress = interaction btwn pers + environ - Stress resp evoked when perceived imbal btwn situational demands + pers resources - Resp deps on how individ appraises partic external stressor |
| Cognitive appraisal | - Primary appraisal ○ Is it harmful? ○ Is this a threat or challenge? - Secondary appraisal - self reflection ○ Is this within my coping abils? ○ How can I deal with this to get pos outcome? |
| Appraisal + stress | - dickerson + kemeny, 2004 - Tasks that were appraised as being out of one's ctrl + having a social eval threat increased cort the most |
| Controllability & threat-related activation, Limbachia et al 2021 | - partips = elec shock + aversive sound - 2 cond = either ctrl (press button to stop) or not - unctrl = incr threat rel proc (anterior ins) - threat rel regions (AI) = lower activ when ctrl |
| appraisal + somatic systs = Szabo et al 2016 | - threat vs challenge app in immigrants (PAIT) - percep of threat = diff to adapt in new environ - threat = exp difficulty, tell myself cant meas up - chall = i exp sitch as a challenge to take up - threat = pos assoc w somatic symps, chall = neg |
| PAIT | primary appraisal of identity threats |
| Physiological impacts of acute and chronic stress | - impairment = PFC funct, tasks req complex/flex thinking, connect btwn amyg + pfc sevrd, amyg overpowers pfc (ctrl) - enhancement = amyg + hippocamp funct, simple/well-rehearsed tasks - luethi et al 2009 |
| luethi et al 2009, physiological impacts of stress | - social stress = simd job interv + mental arith - tasks = working mem test, classical condish (cartoons paired w pos/neg words, rating carts +/-) - wm impaired undr stress, PFC funct - classical condish = enhanced under stress, amyg funct |
| PFC-mediated cognitive functions | - dmPFC = perceptions, realtiy testing + error monitoring - dlPFC = top down guidance of attention + thought - rlPFC = inhib of inapprop actions - vmPFC = regulating social emotional resp |
| top down vs bottom up | - top down = what is most relevant to task - bottom up = sensory salience of stim - amyg ctrl during stress = bottom up (travels w info from senses, unimpeded, unregulated) |
| Chronic stress | - repd/prolonged exp to stressors - radley et al 2004 = rats expo to chron stress (21 dys) = dec dendrite length in PFC - vyas et al 2002 = chronic stress induced thru immobilisation, incr dendrite length in amyg, behav conseq long term = > emoshalit |
| Neuronal remodeling | - Chronic stress leads to decreased dendrite length in PFC and increased dendrite length in amyg |
| Allostatic load | - Allostasis = phys resp to stress promote adaptation/resilience in short term - Allostatic load/overload = long term effects on body after chronic exp to stress |
| Chronic stress + mem | - impaired prospec mem - chen et al 2019 = partips perform poorer on prospec mem task in chronic vs baseline - glucocorticoids block up hippocamp (bind to hippocamp receps + prevent usage -> altered hippocamp funct) |
| racial discrim as chronic stressor, berger + sarnyai 2015 | - partips primed via questionnaire = discrim researcher - public speaking in front of neutral or discrim confederate - perceiced discrim assoc w pregenual ACC (aff process, high dens of glucocort receps = stress resp) |
| racial discrim as chronic stresser, eisenberger et al 2003 | - cog appraisal = activ of vPFC, stress resp affd by cog ctrl - partips w higher vPFC = less stress - racial discrim activ brain regs = social distress,red activ in regs = regulation |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | - exp to traum evnt = symptoms (reexperiencing, hyperarousal, avoidance behav, high respons to threat stim) - armony et al higher ptsd symps = strong activ of amyg as resp to threat |
| hippocampal vol in relation to ptsd | - logue et al 2018 - bermner et al 2003 - gilbertson et al 2002 - smaller hippocamp = preexisting condish activ by trauma in some individs, can lead to ptsd |
| logue et al 2018 | hipocamp vol dec in ptsd partips (ptsd + trauma exp ctrls) |
| bermner et al 2003 | hipocamp vol lower in trauma exp W ptsh, not traum exp WO ptsd |
| gilbertson et al 2002 | iden twin (1 ptsd 1 wo traum exp), both red hip vol (gene - environ interaction) |
| Neurofeedback research | - Neurofeedback = rewards parrtips for activating certain area - Uses fMRI to monitor baseline activ, when partip increases that activ through thought get rewarded |
| Nicholson et al 2018 - neurofeedback research | - Ptsd patients - Neurofeedback to modulate amygdala activ, rewarded for amyg downregulation - Language based task -> downreg of amyg = increase of dlPFC, left hemisphere needed to carry out tasks correctly |
| Biological processes regulating sleep & wake | - cycles ~ 90 mins each - REM (end/begin each cycle) - non rem stage 1 = light sleep - non rem 2 = deep sl, not restorative - non rem 3 = deep, restor - each cycle = less time in stage 3 |
| Polysomnography | - Way to monitor sleep - EEG = Electroencephalography - EOG = Electrooculography - EMG = Electromyography |
| Two-process model of sleep regulation | Process S vs process C |
| Process S | - sleep-wake homeostas/sleep pressure - physiolog lvls of energ, maintained thru homeostas - detect further away from last sleep = incr presh to restore energy |
| process c | - circadian rhythm - cycle arnd 24 hrs, not imp when last slept - impacted by external infl = light, eating, activity, socialising - melatonin rel = body primed for sleep cortisol = highest in early morn |
| Zeitgebers Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) | - hypothal cell, ctrl centre for sleep/wake - connect light w circ rhythm - activ melatonin by pineal gland - photons hit gang cells in ret, conect to SCN - lesion = mice lose abil to have circ rhythm set at pattern |
| age + sleep | - Sleep diminshes, spend less time in deep sleep - Difference in secretion levels of Neurochemicals (glutamate, NMDA, GRP, HA) |
| Melatonin | - sleep prom hormone from pineal gland @ night - release start typ 8pm, peak early morn, normal in morn - suppressed by light exp to SCN - dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) = photon lvl goes under certain thresh = sigs to SCN to secret mel |
| Circadian preference | - Sleep = social, subjective component, societal norms dictate when to sleep - Early or late circadian prefe ○ Early = wake up earlier than societal dictate, Late = later^ |
| social jet lag | - Natural sleep wake cycles conflict w social or work schedules |
| Adolescence | - Changes in sleep behavs ○ Later bedtime, later wake times ○ Decline in sleep duration ○ Weekday debt + compensation on free days |
| Perfect storm model | - carskadon 2011, 2018 - 3 pressurs affecting differiing sleep/wake pattern of adolescents - bioregulatory - psychosocial - societal |
| perfect storm bioregulatory presh | - Diff deg of sens to light > Later dim light melatonin onset - changes in sleep presh > builds slower (waking extended) |
| perfect storm psychosocial presh | - Bedtime autonomy (parent set = earleir sleep onset) - Academic presh (homework + revish delays sleep) - Screens + social med (socialising, screens emit light) |
| perfect storm societal presh | - school + work start times |
| Neg consequences of short + ill timed sleep | - Insuffish + social jet lag (circadian misalignment) - Cog + academic perform - Safety (road collisions) - Mental health (dep, anx) - Physical health (obesity, long term condishes) |
| Sleep restriction & cognitive function | lo et al 2017 - cohort = restric school night sleep (5hrs) + weekend recovery (9hrs) - ctrl group, nap group, no nap group - attentional metrics to meas perform overtime - attention steadily decline, weekend catch up not enough to compensate |
| rapid eye movement (REM) | - Important for emotional regulation - Disruption to experiencing REM assoc w anx, bad emotionality, anger |
Created by:
melissa.sjolin