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Unit 8 Ecology: 51

TermDefinition
Behavior an animal’s response to a stimulus (internal or external) Nature vs nurture (genetic vs environmental) Allow for survival and reproduction Subject to natural selection
Proximate cause how a behavior occurs stimulus that causes behavior
Ultimate cause why a behavior occurs How helps animal survive and reproduce (ie: evolutionary basis)
Innate Developmentally fixed: instinctive and experiences have no obvious effect
Learned behaviors Modified based on environmental influence: high variation in a population
innate behavior: fixed action patter a sequence of unlearned actions directly linked to a stimulus Unchangeable: must be completed Triggered by “sign stimulus” (external cue) Ex: stickleback fish - Tinbergen saw fish responded aggressively to a passing red truck
innate behavior: migration a regular, long-distance change in location Environmental cues Sun’s position Earth’s magnetic field Celestial cues (North star)
IB: Signal Stimulus: auditory, visual, tactile, electrical, chemical: pheromones/scents, stimulus response chains, body movement
Innate Behaviors Directed movements: taxis away - or towards it +; phototaxis, chemotaxis, geotaxis: gravity. KINESIS: NON-directional: scattering of cockroaches
Learned Behaviors The modification of behaviors based on specific experiences
Imprinting A long lasting response to an individual, during a sensitive period usually early in life like ducks following a mom
Spatial learning Memories of surrounding, some form cognitive map: use landmarks as environmental cues like birds finding a hidden nest.
Associative learning Associating one stimulus/environmental feature with another Ex: Blue jays associate monarch butterflies with a foul taste
Social Learning through observing and imitating others Ex: chimps breaking open oil palm nuts
Associative learning/classical conditioning/pavlovian links arbitrary stimulus with reward or punishment
Operant conditioning the animal associates its own behavior with a positive or negative stimulus.
Natural selection Favors behaviors (innate or learned) that increase survival and reproduction Ex: Foraging behaviors Mating behaviors
Created by: nuhaSalim
 

 



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