All living organisms and abiotic factors in an area Physical laws govern the energy that flows through ecosystems Cells transform energy and matter subject to the laws of thermodynamics

Energy can not be created nor destroyed, only transferred Organisms convert solar to chemical energy Law of Conservation of Mass – same for matter, but chemical elements can be recycled

Every energy exchange increases the entropy of the universe Energy conversions are inefficient Some energy lost as heat Energy CANNOT be recycled

The total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time: measured in calories as heat loss: measure cell response reactants/products ie: O2 used and CO2 byproduct. Smaller organisms = higher metabolic rate. larger =lower rate

Species can be grouped together based upon main source of nutrition and energy

The feeding relationship between organisms, food chain: transfer of food energy up the topic levels, food webs: linked food chains.

Energy vs. Biomass Pyramid

Unlike energy pyramids, biomass pyramids show how much biomass is present in a trophic level. not the rate added: Marine ecosystems can have upside biomass pyramids because there is a high turnover rate of phytoplankton

Caterpillar uses energy from the leaf for respiration, feces, biomass (new growth)

Factors that limit productivity

Aquatic: Sunlight and Nutrients Terrestrial: Light, Rainfall, Nutrients

Upwelling of nutrient-rich waters in oceans = high primary production Large influx of nutrients to lakes: wide range of ecological impacts

Excessive N and/or P from sewage or fertilizer run off, primary producers overgrow, compete, and die off, Detritivores breakdown through cell respiration and use up dissolved oxygen in water, Massive fish die off due to lack of oxygen

Terrestrial Limitations

Light rainfall, soil nutrients, nitrogen most common phosphorus older soils: adaptation help plants access nutrients, mutualisms: nitrogen fixing bacteria and nycorrhizal fungi for phosphorus, root hairs: surface area, enzymes.

Biogeochemical Cycles

Unlike energy, matter cycles through ecosystems Limited amounts, unlike solar energy Biogeochemical cycles: nutrient cycles through biotic and abiotic factors Water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycle

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Unit 8 Energy Flow

Term	Definition
Ecosystem	All living organisms and abiotic factors in an area Physical laws govern the energy that flows through ecosystems Cells transform energy and matter subject to the laws of thermodynamics
1st Law	Energy can not be created nor destroyed, only transferred Organisms convert solar to chemical energy Law of Conservation of Mass – same for matter, but chemical elements can be recycled
2nd Law	Every energy exchange increases the entropy of the universe Energy conversions are inefficient Some energy lost as heat Energy CANNOT be recycled
Metabolic rate	The total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time: measured in calories as heat loss: measure cell response reactants/products ie: O2 used and CO2 byproduct. Smaller organisms = higher metabolic rate. larger =lower rate
Trophic Levels	Species can be grouped together based upon main source of nutrition and energy
Tropic structure	The feeding relationship between organisms, food chain: transfer of food energy up the topic levels, food webs: linked food chains.
Energy vs. Biomass Pyramid	Unlike energy pyramids, biomass pyramids show how much biomass is present in a trophic level. not the rate added: Marine ecosystems can have upside biomass pyramids because there is a high turnover rate of phytoplankton
Secondary Production	Caterpillar uses energy from the leaf for respiration, feces, biomass (new growth)
Factors that limit productivity	Aquatic: Sunlight and Nutrients Terrestrial: Light, Rainfall, Nutrients
Aquatic nutrients:	Upwelling of nutrient-rich waters in oceans = high primary production Large influx of nutrients to lakes: wide range of ecological impacts
Eutrophication	Excessive N and/or P from sewage or fertilizer run off, primary producers overgrow, compete, and die off, Detritivores breakdown through cell respiration and use up dissolved oxygen in water, Massive fish die off due to lack of oxygen
Terrestrial Limitations	Light rainfall, soil nutrients, nitrogen most common phosphorus older soils: adaptation help plants access nutrients, mutualisms: nitrogen fixing bacteria and nycorrhizal fungi for phosphorus, root hairs: surface area, enzymes.
Biogeochemical Cycles	Unlike energy, matter cycles through ecosystems Limited amounts, unlike solar energy Biogeochemical cycles: nutrient cycles through biotic and abiotic factors Water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycle

Created by: nuhaSalim

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