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Learning
AP Psych!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Habituation | Getting used to a certain stimuli, diminishing its effectiveness |
| Classical Conditioning | When a specific type of stimulus is trained to have one reaction |
| Behaviorism | The belief that every behavior someone inhibits is learned |
| Unconditioned Response | Natural stimulus |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | Natural response from a certain stimulus |
| Conditioned Response | natural response from neutral stimulus |
| Conditioned Stimulus | Associating the neutral response with the natural stimulus |
| Higher (2nd ) Order Conditioning | This is when the conditioned stimulus acts as an unconditioned stimulus for another thing |
| Acquisition | The actual process of neutral stimulus causing a conditioned response |
| Extinction | This is when pairing of stimulus events is stopped |
| Spontaneous Recovery | A conditioned response happening again after it is stopped |
| Discrimination (learning) | A learning experience where one learns to distinguish between multiple stimuli |
| Generalization (learning) | A learning experience where a single stimuli and its response is the same for multiple similar stimuli |
| Operant Conditioning | Learning through consequences |
| Reinforcer | This is something that makes a certain behavior more likely to happen by associating it with a consequence |
| Primary Reinforcer | This is natural reinforcement that doesn’t require learning to work |
| Secondary (conditioned) Reinforcer | This is the process of associating one stimulus with a reward and another anomalous stimulus, eventually replacing the reward with the anomalous stimulus |
| Shaping | This is having behavior successfully changed from reinforcement |
| Positive Reinforcement | Adding some type of stimulus to increase a behavior |
| Negative Reinforcement | Removing something to increase a behavior |
| Punishment | The process in which a response lessens after a certain stimulus occurs |
| Continuous Reinforcement | repeated reinforcement of a behavior every time it happens |
| Partial Reinforcement | Rewarding behavior only some of the time |
| Fixed Ratio Schedule | rewarding behavior after a set number of responses |
| Fixed Interval Schedule | rewarding behavior after a set amount of time |
| Variable Ratio Schedule | rewarding behavior after a random number of responses |
| Variable Interval Schedule | rewarding behavior after a random amount of time passes |
| Cognitive Map | a mental understanding of an environment |
| Latent Learning | learning that is acquired without conscious effort |
| Observational Learning | learning how to do something by watching someone else do it |
| Intrinsic Motivation | incentive to do a certain behavior that derives from pleasure in the activity itself |
| Extrinsic Motivation | external incentive to do a certain activity, not from the activity itself |
| Respondent Behavior | Behavior that is evoked by a stimulus will occur if the stimulus is presented |
| Mirror Neurons | The type of cell in the brain that responds in the same way to perform an action when seeing someone perform an action |
| Law of Effect | Any behavior followed by a satisfying result is likely to be repeated whereas unpleasant results are likely to be decreased |
| Operant Chamber (Skinner Box) | This is where studies regarding operant behavior occur in a small enclosure |
| John Garcia | Psychologist that is known for researching conditioned taste aversion |
| Edward Thorndike | Psychologist that used work on animal behavior to develop the Law of Effect |
| B.F. Skinner | Psychologist that pioneered work in behaviorism through operant conditioning |
| Albert Bandura | Psychologist that popularized social learning theory |
| Ivan Pavolv | Physiologist that discovered the idea of classical conditioning |
| John B. Watson | Psychologist that popularized the theory of behaviorism |
Created by:
SadurnSchool