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Bio ch 55
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how does energy enter ecosystems | as sunlight then is converted to chemical energy by autotrophs via photosynthesis |
| how do heterotrophs get energy | by consuming other organisms |
| what happens to energy vs matter in ecosystems | energy flows one way and it lost as heat matter is recycled |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universe, since usable energy is lost as heat |
| are ecosystem open or closed systems | open, they exchange energy and matter with their surrounds |
| detrivores/decomposers | organisms that feed on dead organic matter |
| major decomposer groups | bacteria and fungi |
| role of decomposers in an ecosystem | to break down dead material and recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem |
| whats primary production/productivity | conversion of light energy into chemical energy by autotrophs |
| what percent of sunlight is converted by producers | ~1% |
| what's GPP (gross primary product) | total energy captured by photosynthesis (total primary production) |
| what's NPP | energy available to consumers |
| which terrestrial ecosystem as the highest NPP | tropical rainforests (warm, wet, sun) |
| which aquatic systems have highest NPP per area | coral reefs, estuaries, wetlands |
| limiting factors in aquatic ecosystems | light availability (depth) nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) |
| eutrophication | excess nutrients cause algal blooms which causes oxygen depletion |
| limiting factors for terrestrial NPP | water availability, temp, nutrients |
| NPP? net primary productivity | energy made- energy used= energy available for consumers |
| where is NPP greatest | wet environments with high evapotranspiration |
| role of nitrogen fixing bacteria | they convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen that's usable for plants to eat |
| mycorrhizae | They are fungi and plant root mutualism relationships that cause increased nutrient uptake for plants |
| trophic efficiency | % of energy passed to next trophic level |
| why is energy lost | metabolism, heat, waste |
| how much energy is transferred between tropic levels | ~10% |
| why do insects have higher efficiency | they are ectotherms and don't use energy to maintain body temp |
| why are there few top predators | energy decrease at each level causing less biomass to be available |
| best trophic level for humans to eat at | lower levels (primary/consumers/producers) cause they get more energy out of it |
| key processes of the water cycle | evaporation transpiration (loss of water vapor from leaves of plants to atmosphere) precipitation runoff infiltration (water soak into ground, enters soil) |
| why is water important | its availability influences rates of productivity and decomposition in organisms |
| why is carbon important | its the backbone of organic molecules, essential to all organisms |
| whys nitrogen important | needed for proteins, DNA RNA is apart of amino acid proteins and nucleic acids |
| key processes of the nitrogen cycle | nitrogen fixation nitrification assimilation ammonification- denitrification decomposition |
| whys phosphorus important | required for nucleic acids/DNA/RNA , phospholipids, ATP/other energy storing molecules, bone/teeth |
| key characteristic of the phosphorus cycle | no atmospheric component, only moves through rocks, soil, water |
| what affects decomposition rate | temp, moisture, oxygen, nutrient availability |
| chemeoautotrophs | organisms (bacteria/Archaea) that use chemical energy instead of sunlight to produce organic molecules |
| what's an ecosystem | all organisms in a community plus the abiotic factors they interact with |
| biotic vs abiotic factors | biotic- living components (plants, animals, microbes abiotic- nonliving components (water, soil, temp, light) |
| law of conservation of mass | matter cannot be created or destroyed, only rearranged |
| why are food chains limited in length | energy is lost at each trophic level, leaving less energy for higher levels |
| assimilation | plants absorb nutrients from the soil, use to make proteins/DNA |
| nitrification | bacteria upgrade nitron into plant friendly forms assimilation |
| denitrification | some bacteria convert soil nitrogen back into nitrogen gas that goes into atmosphere |
| ammonification | when plants and animals fie or product waste, decomposers break them down and return nitrogen to the soil |
Created by:
Lilyhowes