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Bio ch 54
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what's a community | all the populations of different species living in the same area and interacting |
| interspecific vs intraspecific interactions | inter- between diff species intra- within the same species |
| what is competition | 2 organisms competing for the same limiting resources, both harmed -/- |
| competitive exclusion principle | 2 species cannot occupy the same niche or compete for the same limiting resource long-term, one outcompete the other |
| what's an ecological niche | a species role in its environment/ how it uses resources |
| fundamental vs realized niche | fundamental- the full, theoretical range of environmental conditions and resources a species can occupy realized - the actual, narrower space it does occupy due to competition and predation |
| competition- species interactions | -/- both harmed |
| predation - species interactions | +/-, predator benefits, prey harmed |
| herbivory - species interactions | +/-, animals eat plant |
| cryptic coloration | type of defense adaptation camouflage to blend in |
| aposematic coloration | type of defense adaptation warning colors (bright = toxic) |
| batesian mimicry | type of defense adaptation harmless species mimics a harmful one |
| mullerian mimicry | type of defense adaptation two harmful species look alike |
| symbiosis - species interactions | close interactions between species +/+ or +/- |
| parasitism - species interactions | +/-, parasite benefits, host harmed |
| mutualism - species interactions | +/+ both benefit |
| commensalism - species interactions | +/0 one benefits, other is unaffected |
| facilitation - species interactions | one species has positive effects on another, no direct contact required +/+ or +/- |
| whats species diversity and the 2 components | the variety of organisms that make up the community richness- # of diff species abundance- abundance of each species |
| why is higher diversity important | more stable, resistant to disturbance |
| invasive species | non native species that spreads and harms ecosystems |
| what resists invasion better | high diversity with more competition and fewer open niches |
| food chain vs food webs | chain- single path web- many interconnected paths |
| trophic levels | producer primary secondary tertiary quaternary |
| why are food chains short | only 10% of energy transfers each level energy is lost as heat |
| what is evapotranspiration what affects its rate | combined loss of water from evaporation (soil) and transpiration (plants) temp, sun, water, wind affect its rate |
| dominant species | most abundant and highest biomass |
| keystone species | species with huge impact despite low numbers |
| what's an ecosystem engineer | organism that modifies environment ex- beavers build dams |
| bottom up control | control comes from lower trophic levels ex- resources (nutrients) control an ecosystem |
| top down control | control of an ecosystem comes from higher trophic levels ex- predators control the ecosystem |
| intermediate disturbance hypothesis | moderate disturbance = highest diversity than lower or higher levels of disturbance |
| primary succession | no soil exists when succession begins ex- after lava or glacier |
| secondary succession | succession behind in an area where soil remains after a disturbance ex- after a fire or flood |
| where is species richness highest | in the tropics cause their warm temps and sunlight causes high productivity (lots of energy/biomass) |
| why do larger areas have more species | more habitats and niches |
| what's productivity | how much energy (food) plants make via photosynthesis |
| what types of islands have more species | large islands close to mainland |
| what's a pathogen | disease causing organism |
| zoonotic disease | pathogen that's transferred from animals to humans |
| whats a vector | an organism that spreads diseases ex- mosquito spreading malaria |
| how does resource partitioning allow species to coexist | species divide resources (use diff areas, times or methods), reducing competition so they can live together |
| what's biomass | total mass of living organism in an given area used to measure ecosystem productivity more biomass=more available energy |
| why does climate determine species distribution | control productivity, resource availability and survival conditions it determines energy and water availability which determines where organisms can live |
Created by:
Lilyhowes