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Lectures 1-3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| explain why it was so difficult for humans to recognize the existence and importance of microbes | because they didn't have microscopes until the 17th century and when they saw microbes they only understood that it came from witches or the devil not science. it was also difficult for them because their beliefs got in the way of what they were seeing. |
| what is spontaneous generation theory | as long as air/nutrients present life will appear due to presence of vital forces |
| what is germ theory | cells can only be generated by parental cells and may cause disease |
| what are the steps in the scientific method | observe, hypothesis (may become theory), predict, test, evaluate/interpret |
| what is observation | what you see, hear, taste, smell |
| what are facts | things you know to be true, based on many tests with the same answer |
| what is hypothesis | possible cause |
| what is prediction | informed speculation |
| what are results | what happened post test |
| what is a theory | explanation for results based on test of multiple hypothesis |
| what is a law | describes whats happening without explaining why |
| what are kochs postulates | formalized system of questioning cause/effect from the 1870s that are still in use |
| what is the sequence of kochs postulates | sick animal, isolate organisms and grow them, if put into a healthy animal does it cause disease, and is the same organism pulled out |
| what is the endosymbiont hypothesis | mitochondria and chloroplasts have genomes separate from the rest of the cell and resemble bacterial genomes |
| what do they believe the endosymbiont hypothesis was caused by | bacteria that was engulfed by another cell, not digested, but used for energy creating potential |
| what is a diplococcus | 2 circular bacteria |
| what is a streptococcus | chain of circular bacteria |
| what is a staphlococcus | cluster of grape looking bacteria |
| what is a tetradsarcina | 4 cells in order; 8 cells 4 front 4 back (sarcina) |
| what is a coccus | sphere shape |
| what is a bacillus | single, rod shaped, scattered |
| what is a diplobacillus | pair |
| what is a streptobacillus | ordered chain |
| what does gram positive mean | color is purple or blue and it means it has a thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic acid, no outer membrane, lipopolysaccharides, periplasm |
| what does gram negative mean | color is red or pink due to the outer membrane preventing staining. it has a thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane, lipopolysaccharides, porins, periplasm, but no teichoic acid |
| explain why specific staining protocols (such as the Gram stain) are able to distinguish between types of microbes | |
| what is virulence | a measure of how nasty it is based on how many infected hosts die (mortality) and if the exposed host is infected (morbitity) |
| what is ID 50 | infectious dose of how many microbes required to infect 50% of healthy hosts |
| what is LD 50 | lethal dose of how many microbes required to kill 50% of healthy hosts, lower the number the worse it is |
| what is a commensalist and what is it | one benefits one isn't harmed, symbiont |
| what is a mutualist and what is it | both benefit, symbiont |
| what is a parasite and what is it | one benefit, one harms, symbiont |
| what is a pathogen | reserved for non-symbiont usually and cause harm |
| what is a primary pathogen | always cause disease |
| what is a opportunistic pathogen | requires a weakened host |
| what is horizontal transmisson | between 2 hosts |
| what is vertical transmisson | to fetus |
| what is aerosal/fluid transmisson | airborne |
| what is vehicle transmisson | indirect and requires object (fomite) |
| what is vector transmission | biological factors such as mosquitos (intermediaries) |
| what is a reservoir | natural habitat of disease, food/air/water borne, fecal oral, person to person, animal to person |
| what is an endemic | localized expected |
| what is sporatic | few, widely spread, not concerning, not usually linked |
| what is a pandemic | disease spread world wide, crossed continents, very serious |
| what is an epidemic | lots of disease of the same kind in a small area |
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