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Microbio Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Immunodeficiency | lack of proper immune response Could have a partial/weak response, or no response Difficulties fighting off infectionslack of proper immune response Could have a partial/weak response, or no response Difficulties fighting off infections |
| SPUR | Severe infections Persistent infections Uncommon infections Recurrent infections |
| Primary immunodeficiency | genetic, born with it Rare, but more severe Affected pathways: 50% B cells, 30% T cells, 18% phagocytes, 2% complements |
| Secondary immunodeficiency | acquired, get it later in life Much more common Caused by: Aging Some disorders (diabetes, malnutrition) Some drugs are immunosuppressive Some infections |
| Hypersensitivity | An inappropriate adaptive immune response Could be to self antigen (autoimmune) Could be harmless non-self antigen Usually can't be cured |
| The 4 types of hypersensitivity: | 1. Allergies 2. Cytotoxic 3. Immune Complex 4. Delayed Hypersensitivity |
| Type 1 | Allergy!!! Triggered by harmless antigens called allergens All allergies, along with some asthma and some skin eczema |
| Allergies activate what? | Activation of IgE and mast cells!!!!!! |
| A reaction is called | Anaphylaxis!! Can be localized or systemic |
| Exposures to type 1 hypersensitivity Primary exposure | first time, B cells make IgE Sensitization |
| Exposures to type 1 hypersensitivity Secondary exposure | subsequent times, IgE on mast cells causes degranulation, symptoms Histamine is big driver!!! |
| Treatment for type 1 hypersensitivity | Avoid allergen Manage symptoms Anti-inflammatory drugs Epinephrine and respiratory/systemic anaphylaxis |
| Type 2 hypersensitivity | Cytotoxic (usually) Activation of IgG and IgM Binds to non-soluble agent |
| Cytotoxic Type 2 hypersensitivity | Antibodies bind to target, and induce killing via other immune pathways - Cytotoxic Either Recruit complement proteins to kill Recruit NK (innate) cells to kill) |
| Non-Cytotoxic Type 2 hypersensitivity | Antibodies bind targets and block some crucial signaling pathways |
| Type 3 hypersensitivity | Immune complex Binds to soluble antigen Antibodies and antigen form large complex Deposits in tissues Recruits complement to cause damage |
| Immune complex activates what? | Activation of IgG and IgM |
| Type 4 Hypersensitivity | Delayed hypersensitivity 12-72 hours after contact Slow activation, hence “delayed” |
| Delayed Hypersensitivity activates what? | Activation of T cells |
| What does delayed hypersensitivity react to ? What does delayed hypersensitivity require? Must be exposed to what? | Reacting to self or non-self antigen Requires a sensitization step for T cells to activate Must be exposed to triggering antigen at least once to occur |
| Active vaccines | some “live” pathogen |
| Inactive vaccines | some killed/incomplete pathogen |
| Attenuated vaccines | live, but weakened pathogen Stronger immunity, but may still spread |
| Vector | piece of pathogen added to harmless virus |
| Subunit | just a piece of pathogen Requires a separate adjuvant to fully activate immunity |
| mRNA | Temporarily gives body the instructions to make the subunit itself Requires no separate adjuvant |
| Herd immunity | Preventing spread of a pathogen by generating immunity in a population Allergy, immunodeficiency |
| Who does vaccinations protect? | Protects those that cannot by immunize |
| Childhood vaccination | Herd immunity generated by routine childhood vaccination Skipping/delaying weakens herd immunity Puts child in danger |
| Ultimate goal | Eradication |
| Agglutination | If target antigen is present, antibodies will cause Agglutination |
| ELISA | Relies on synthetic antibodies with an attached reporter When bound to sample, create light OR cause color change Read en mass by a plate reader Is there light/color change? |
| Indirect ELISA | Looking for patient antibodies for given antigens (usually pathogenic) |
| Sandwich ELISA | Looking for antigens in patient sample Antigens could be anything Pathogens Illicit drugs Hormones |
| ELISA Rapid Tests | Some at home rapid tests allow patients to complete their own ELISA Rather than read samples in a plate reader, instead colored lines will appear on the testing strips The control line is critical!! Example: Pregnancy tests! |
| Weaknesses of Antibody-Based Tests Can’t always test patient for antibodies | Early stages of infection: no antibodies made yet Some immunodeficient patients won’t have antibodies |
| Weaknesses of Antibody-Based Tests Can’t always test patients for antigens | Early infection, antigens too low to detect Same issue with latent infections |
| Detecting Genomes | Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) Detects a gene of interest Ex. if looking for a virus, look for a viral gene |
| Detecting Genomes Process | Very sensitive Take a sample, add primers for your gene of interest, run PCR cycling in special machine If gene is present, it will be copied many many many times |
| Quantitative PCR (qPCR) | Same as pCR, but with special dye Fluoresces only with dsDNA Measure fluorescence to measure amount of your gene of interest |
| Reading qPCR results | Generate curves CT value: threshold cycle, when fluorescence crosses some line Lower CT value means more genes in that og sample! BAD LOW |
| Broad Spectrum | many species (G+ and G-) |
| Narrow Spectrum | a few or one species |
| Bacteriostatic | prevent growth Rely on host immunity to clear infection Might prevent sepsis (Endotoxin) |
| Bactericidal | kill microbes |
| Selective Toxicity | Antimicrobial should target something not in the host (human) Prevent severe side effects Difference between an antimicrobial and disinfectant |
| Considerations Before Use (3) | Side effects Delivery Half-Life |
| Common Antibacterial Targets 5 main targets | 1. Things that mess with the cell wall 2. Things that mess with the plasma wall 3. Things that mess with the nucleic acids 4. Things that mess with protein synthesis 5. Things that mess with certain metabolic pathways, folic acid synthesis |
| Beta lactam mode of action | inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis!! Have special beta-lactam ring Inhibit transpeptidation |
| Beta-lactams can be co-delivered with a | beta-lactamase inhibitor |
| Penicillins Spectrum | Narrow spectrum Later generations: Expand spectrum More beta lactamase resistance Easier delivery Minimal side effects Allergy is possible tho |
| Glycopeptides mode of action | They are also cell wall targeters similar action to lactams, but different structure Resistant to lactamases IV delivery |
| Quionolones mode of action | DNA TARGETER |
| Rifamycons mode of action | RNA TARGETER |
| Sulfa drugs/ sulfonamides mode of action | Mimic PABA- intermediate compound when synthesizing folate Bacteriostatic Varied delivery |
| Sulfa drugs/ sulfonamides spectrum | broad spectrum |
| Macrolides mode of action | inhibit bacterial protein synthesis (ribosome targeting) |
| Macrolide spectrum | Broad spectrum and delivery |
| Aminoglycosides mode of action | inhibit bacterial protein synthesis (ribosome targeting) |
| Aminoglycosides Spectrum | narrow spectrum Common in combo therapy (ex. Triple ointment) |
| Polymyxins mode of action | Tear holes in membranes |
| Mechanisms of Resistance (3) | 1. Alter drug target 2. Break drug 3. Keep drug out Block entry Pump out Multi drug resistance efflux pumps |
| Antibiotic stewardship | Reduces unnecessary antibiotic use Don’t mis-prescribe Finish complete antibiotic doses Use narrow spectrum drugs when possible |
| Human activity promotes | resistance |
Created by:
liladdoyle