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U.S History Unit 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, Japan |
| Allies | China, Great Britain, France, Soviet Union (1941), United States (December 1941) |
| Change in Neutrality Laws 1939 | War goods could be shipped to warring nations on a cash and carry basis |
| Destroyer-Bases Agreement 1940 | 50 U.S destroyers for eight British nova and air bases |
| Lend-Lease Act 1941 | U.S should act as the "arsenal of democracy" More arms for Britain |
| Atlantic Charter 1941 | Roosevelt and Churchill's statement of common war aims. 1. Recognition of the right of people to choose their own government w. US/Britain would not seek territorial gain from war 3. Disarmament of aggressor nations 4.Permanent system of security |
| Pearl Harbor Causes | Embargo on U.S products Japan needed to maintain its war machine. US froze all assets of Japanese in Us banks. Japanese thought U.S would soon enter the war |
| Pearl Harbor Effects | 19 ships sunk or disabled. 2. 150 Us Planes destroyed 3. 2,335 Soldiers and Sailor killed 4. Congress voted overwhelmingly for war |
| D-Day (June 6, 1944) | U.S attacks on the coast of Normandy, France. Liberate France and Belgium then move on to Germany |
| Holocaust | Germany policy of genocide. 6 million Jews were killed along with a total of 11 million people. US immigration policies did not help Jews trying to escape persecution |
| Island Hopping | U.S policy of concentrating on 1 island at time in order to get in range of Japan. Thousands of Marines died. U.S knew they would have to invade Japan to achieve final victory |
| The Atomic Bomb | Bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and 3 days later in Nagasaki. ~100,000 Japanese died instantly while thousands died from radiation. Planned U.S attacks would have killed more people |
| Wartime Conferences 1943-1945 | Tehran (Iran) 1943, Yalta (USSR) 1945, Potsdam (Germany) 1945. Big Three - Roosevelt (Truman), Stalin - USSR, Churchill - Great Britain |
| Principles for Germany and Japan | Germany would be disarmed. 4 zones of occupation in Germany (British, French, Soviet, American). War Criminals in Japan and Germany put on trial. Japan occupied by US troops. Polish territory would be given to the USSR |
| Crimes against the Peace | Plan and wage an aggressive war |
| Crimes against customs of war | Killing hostages or prisoners, plundering private properly, destruction of town and cities |
| Crimes Against Humanity | Murder, extermination, deportation or enslavement of civilians |
| Nuremberg Trials Results | 19 people were convicted and 10 were executed. Others were punished and caught later |
| United Nations | Formed in 1945 with 50 nations to keep peace. The security had 11 members and 5 permanent members U.S, Britain, USSR, France, and China. |
| Demobilization | 11 million US GI's released from service |
| GI Bill of Rights | Free hospital care if sick or wounded. Grants and loans to pay for college. U.S guaranteed loans for buying homes and investing in business |
| Japanese Internment | Fear Japanese Americans will aide the enemy. Some justify it as a means of protection. No Japanese Americans were known to have committed acts of disloyalty or sabotage. Many criticize Internment as a racist act |
| Korematsu v US | Supreme court determined the removal of Japanese Americans was justified as a matter of military necessity. In recent years US has apologized and made some small payments of money |
| Urban Poor | Many whites left cities for suburbs. Isolation from other races and classes. White Flight. Cities grew poor so schools, public transportation, police and fire dept can't be improved. |
| Braceros | Mexicans allowed into US to harvest crops, then return home to Mexico though many stayed illegally alongside other Mexicans that came to U.S |
| Operation Wetback | Find illegal Mecians and send them back (1953-55) deported more than 2 million |
| Indian Reorganization Act | Moved toward Native American autonomy |
| National Congress of Native Americans | Ensure Native Americans same civil rights as whites. Enable Native Americans reservations to retain own customs. Organization included 2/3 of Native population |
| Termination Policy | Eliminate Federal Economic support. Discontinue Reservation system. Distribute tribal lands to Native Americans. 1954-1960 Federal government withdrew from 61 reservations. States still had control of land and sold it to developers |
| Bureau Of Indian Affairs | Helped relocate 35,000 Native Americans to urban areas. 1. find place to live 2. paid moving costs/living expenses 3. find work |
| Bureau Failure | Unable to find jobs/homes due to poor training and racial prejudice. No access to medical care. Loss of more land |
| After World War II | Inflation rose 25%. Stopping of price controls. Workers strike for higher pay |
| Truman's Fair Deal | Increase in minimum was from $.40/hr to $.75/hr. Extension of social security benefits to 10 million people not covered under original law. Federal funds for low income housing and slum clearance, Increased funds for floods, irrigation and electric |
| Truman's Civil Rights Law | Abolish poll tax. Punish those guilty of lynching African Americans. Rejected by Congress |
| Taft Hartley Act | Union officials had to sign a oath that they weren't communists. Employer only hires dues paying Union members. Unions couldn't secondary boycott and strikers don't buy products from companies that do business with their employer. Employer sue for contr |
| McCarran Act/ Internal Security Act | Aimed at communist front organizations even organizations that didn't call them selves communist but supported it or had members. Communists could not work in National defense plants or enter the U.S |
| US-Soviet Relations before Cold War | Conflict as far back in 1917 when the US thought revolution would lead to democracy and Soviet Communism evolved. Communist leaders took control and created established dictatorships, Communists felt their ideology would spread to other nations |
| Cold War | Fight between communism and Democracy though there was no fighting between US and Soviet Union |
| Arms Race | Build of weapons, nuclear, new planes, ICBM |
| Local and Regional Wars | Vietnam, Korean War |
| Espionage | Spying on Cuba which led to the CIA for US and KGB for Russia |
| Propaganda | Posters, videogames, music, book |
| Space Race | Race of technology |
| Disputes in UN | Because the US and USSR having veto power there were conflicts throughout the war |
| US Aims in Europe | Encourage democracy to prevent new totalitarian governments. Gain access to raw materials and markets for booming industry. Rebuild European governments to ensure stability and create markets for Americans goofs. Reunite Germany so escape would be secure |
| USSR Aims in Europe | Encourage communism in other countries. Transfer industrial equipment from Eastern Europe to rebuild the economy. Control Eastern Europe to balance US influence in Western Europe. Keep Germany divided to pay back for two wars and 20 million deaths inWWII |
| Satellite Nation | Countries dependent upon and dominated by the Soviet Union. Communist governments were propped up in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia |
| U.S Containment | Create alliances and support weaker countries to prevent the spread of communism |
| Marshall Plan | Provide aid to all European countries that needed it. Nations receiving aid would remove trade barriers and cooperate economically with each other. $ 12.5 billion Soviets took Czechoslovakia in Feb 1948 and Congress stabilize government |
| Truman Doctrine | The US would support free people throughout the world who were resisting take-overs by armed minorities or outside pressures. U.S would help dictators if anti-communist |
| Aid to Greece and Turkey | $400 million in aid. reduce chance of communists taking over. |
| Berlin Airlift | Soviets blocked off Berlin from US because of reunification of West Germany. 277,00 flights and 2.3 million tons of supplies |
| American Pride | Soviets lifted blockade on Berlin in May 1949 |
| Poland | Soviet Union refused free elections in 1945 and banned democratic parties |
| Eastern Block | Iron Curtain protection from attack. Used these countries to rebuild fallen USSR |
| Czechoslovakia | Russian invasion that forced a communist government |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | Attack on one would be an attack on all. Resist with armed force if necessary. First time US entered into a peacetime alliance. Cold war ended US isolationism |
| NATO members | Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, US and Canada |
| Dwight D Eisenhower (1953-1961) | First Republican President in 20 years. Was a commander of Allied forces in Europe during WWII and the commander of NATO |
| Eisenhower Domestic Policy | Increased minimum wage from $.75 to $1 an hour. Increase social security for retired persons. Ambitious program for interstate highways where 90% came from the government. Government loans for students to attend college |
| Supreme Court Appointments by IKE | Earl Warren named Chief Justice from 1953 to 1969 and made controversial decisions for black people and the rights of accused. John Harlan, Potter Stewart, and William Brennan were appointed also |
| Brinkmanship | Willingness to go to the edge or blink of war and greater dependence on use of nuclear weapons |
| Eisenhower Doctrine 1957 | U.S would defend the Middle East against attack by any communist country |
| H-Bomb 1952 | US gained power of Hydrogen bomb. ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile) |
| Space Race- Sputnik October 4 1957 | Soviets used IBM to get Sputnik into orbit. Fear Soviets could reach US with nuclear weapons. US tried to catch up, but many first attempts failed "stay putnik" |
| U-2 embarrassment | Spy plan shot down in Soviet airspace. 1960's opened with more tensions in Cold War. US pilot was kidnapped |
| Korean War | Started on June 25, 1950 when North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel, invading South Korea |
| Leadership | North Korean leader Jim Il Sung launched the attack once he had received a promise of support from Soviet leader Joseph Stalin |
| Truman's Policy of Containment | Ordered US Troops into Korea along with some from the UN due to the USSR losing veto power and withdrawing. He called his choice a "police action" |
| General MacArthur | Commander of UN forces in Korea and helped push North Koreans back to China boarder. However China came to North Korea's side. U,S and South Korea were pushed back and MacArthur was fired by Truman |
| Stalemate and Truce | Eisenhower promised if he was elected to end the war in Korea, which he did in 1953. 54,000 Americans lost their lives |
| Korean Armistice Agreement 1953 | BMZ cuts the Korean in half, crossing the 39th parallel on an angle, with the west end of the BMZ lying south the parallel and the east end lying north of it. It was created as part of the Korean Armistice Agreement between China, North Korea, and U.S |
| Election of 1960 | Democrat John F, Kennedy won against Republican Richard Nixon because of television and civil rights |
| Flexible Response | Not risk the use of nuclear weapons over minor conflicts. Use a strong military to give the president more options in international crisis. Large increase in defense spending |
| Castro | Rose to power on promise of democracy. Under theme of communism he took control of American and British owned oil refineries. He replied on Soviet aid to stay in power as a dictator |
| Bay of Pigs | Eisenhower trained the a few of the 10% of Cubans that left Cuba so they could invade. Kennedy had doubts about the plan but approved it anyways. The invasion went wrong because of Cuba's Air Force not being taken out |
| Bay Of Pigs Results | Kennedy was publicly embarrassed and paid $53 million to Cuba in aid for captured exiles. Cuba remained a communist dictatorship and gained more aid from Soviets. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 | Khrushchev supplied Cuba with arms and nuclear weapons. Kennedy threatened use of nuclear weapons if USSR didn't remove the weapons. JFK was damaged for practicing brinkmanship and for Khrushchev for bucking down. Tension in cold war grew |
| Berlin Wall 1961-1989 | A wall meant to keep West and East Germany separate and reduced flow of refugees to West Germany. Taken down in 1989 |
| Limited Test Ban Treaty | Barred nuclear testing in atmosphere |
| Hotline | Between white House and Kremlin in case of a crisis in 1963. Release of tension allowed Kennedy to focus on domestic issues, |
| Creation of Israel (1948) | Opposed by Arab Nations |
| Suez Crisis (1956) | Egyptian Leader Gamal Nasser took control of the Suez Canal from UK. UK, France, and Israel attack Egypt. Eisenhower protested the attack because he feared the USSR might join on Egypts side |
| Truman's Point Four | Economic aid to fight the Cold War in Africa, Asia, and Latin America |
| Kennedy's Peace Corps | Foreign Aid Program to Third World Countries |
| Commander in Chief | President needed to make the call on sudden nuclear attacks that could not wait for congress |
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