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classics final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| when did the bronze age collapse? | BCE 1200-1100 |
| what was the cause of the bronze age collapse? | large mass migration, "sea people" came through and wiped everything out with a large scale conflict. NO SINGLE CAUSE! complex theories on what happened tho |
| what were the results of the collapse of the bronze age? | shrinking populations, decline of urbanization, decline of WRITING, long distance trade is gone, monumental construction disappears (exception is Toumba), cities retract in size |
| what is the systems collapse theory about the bronze age? | the extreme specialization of the Mycenean palace system doesn't allow for flexibility if something happens to the palace, leading to collapse |
| what is the geographical differentiation theory? | the closer towns are to a palace system, the more likely the dependance on the palace, and when the palace collapses, so does the town |
| Iron age Karphi (modern day Crete) | a refuge settlement occupied just after collapse of bronze age, quickly built on top of a potential Minoan peak sanctuary, defensive houses with entrances on roof to confuse enemies |
| what is so important about Lefkhandi? | a thriving city during the early Iron age, where the Toumba was built |
| what are the three phases of the Lefkandi Toumba? | Residence of chieftain, burial of chieftain, Tumulus constructed for larger burial ground |
| what kind of burials were found at Lefkandi? | 2 shaft graves, one of a man (cremated) and a woman (inhumed), and the other with 4 horses |
| what was special about the mans shaft grave at Lefkandi Toumba? | his cremated remains were in a Cypriot vessel (even tho trade routes were down), elite iconography of a hunting scene, a killed sword (wrapped, bent, and unusable) |
| what kind of people were buried by the Toumba and how do we know? | wealthy elites, had grave goods like gold, imported pottery, and imported rings buried with them |
| what re-emerges at Lefkandi? | representational art! inside the homes found here contained pottery with images, dating about 1050BCE! also urban organization, social hierarchy, central authority, long-distance trade |
| when is the Greek Era Proper? | 1200-480BCE, after this is the Classical Period and Hellenistic Period |
| when was the Greek Renaissance? | 800/750 BCE |
| when was the Archaic period? | 800/750BCE to 480BCE |
| what is special about the Greek Renaissance period? | it was a time of abrupt shift back to Bronze Age aspects of civilization and urbanization |
| what are some key things that re-emerge in the Renaissance and Archaic period of Greece? | synoikism, the emergence of Polis / city-state, WRITING, SOCIAL & MILITARY ORDER, MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE, PUBLIC ART AND MONUMENTS |
| what is synoikism? | the process of small settlements coming together and forming larger towns and cities |
| what was the Diplyon Krater? | made in around 750BCE, an Athenian vase contained a full sentence, encouraging competition to win contents |
| what was Nestor's cup? | made around 740BCE, the inscription seems to references Homers Iliad, showing a communal identity among the people |
| what was the new social and military order in Archaic Greece? | HOPLITE WARFARE- the group fights as one, moving towards collective identity which would lead to democracy |
| what kind of monumental architecture was built in Archaic Greece? | TEMPLES! they continued to get more elaborate as time went on, but the temples were HUGE |
| what kind of public art/monuments were built in Archaic Greece? | religious sculptures and monuments, paid for by elites as a show of wealth, highlighting new social/political elites |
| when did the formation of polis occur? | during the Archaic period, the return of the stuff from the bronze age, more focus on kinship and being one as a people |
| what is a polis? | a major, central city and its surrounding region |
| what are the 3 major wars / events in Greek history? | PPP, Persian war, Perikles, Peloponnesian war |
| after the destruction of Greece by Persians, what oath did they take? | PLATAEA, no rebuilding on the Acropolis for 30 years, |
| when was the Persian war? | 499-449 BCE |
| when did Perikles rule? | 460-429BCE |
| who was Perikles? | ruler who wanted to beautify Athens, moved the Treasury to Athens and started many building projects |
| when was the Peloponnesian war? | 431-404BCE |
| what happened during the Peloponnesian war? | allies / Sparta waged war against Athens due to Athens rise in power |
| what are the 3 main features of Athens | Acropolis, Agora, Panathenaic way |
| what are the 4 buildings found on the Acropolis? | Propylaea, Temple of Athena Nike, Erectheion, Parthenon. ALL BUILT DURING PELOPONNESIAN WAR |
| what was the propylea? | most complex and monumental gateway and entrance to the Acropolis, never completed- built during the Peloponnesian war |
| what was unusual about the Propylea? | weird architecture, central hall with 2 wings, front was Doric style but inside was Ionic, used as separator but also monumentalizing Acropolis |
| Characteristics of the temple of Athena Nike | ionic, built during Peloponnesian war, sat on a BASTION- artificial base to monumentalize the tower |
| purpose of temple of Athena Nike? | covered with Frieze's that depicted real history (rare) which highlights propaganda purpose of temple! |
| Purpose of erecthion? | ionic temple to replace an old temple, possibly sits on former Mycenean temple, CONTAINED MELTING POT OF CULTS/RELIGIONS/ shrines / tombs |
| what is the main memorable feature about the Erecthion? | CARYATID PORCH! 6 female columns, not just posts. later copied by Romans like Augustus |
| what 3 types of art was on the Parthenon? | Pediments (2), Metopes separated by Triglyphs (92), and Frieze (4). NONE OF THIS ART HAD EARTHLY RULERS, all fake gods. compared to West Asia/Egypt- earthly rulers were everything as well as fake gods |
| when was the Parthenon built? | during Perikles building program, one of the earliest buildings to be done, mid 5th century, exhibits evolution of monumental architecture of Greeks |
| features of the architectural plan of Parthenon? | huge building, Doric peristyle, main cella with statue of Athena, rear cella where dedications went. ENTRANCE ON EAST side |
| what was on the east pediment (entry) of the Parthenon? | athena's birth, surrounded by gods that celebrate and approve. shows power and importance of athena, and thus Athens |
| what was on the west pediment (exit) of the parthenon? | battle between Poseidon and Athena for Athens, athena made an olive tree and poseidon made salt water creek. greeks chose athena |
| what did the metopes on the Parthenon depict? | mythological battles (-machy= battle). amazonomachy, trojanomacy, centauromachy, gigantomachy |
| what was the message received from the metopes at Parthenon? | Greeks VS barbarians! used mythological allegory for different wars, making the temple of athena nike so unique in that it depicts proper history |
| what was the narrative of the Frieze in the Parthenon? | religous procession for the birthday of Athena, people bring offerings and a peplos (garment) to drape over the statue of athena. EAST SIDE IS WHERE THE FINAL / END OF PROCESSION |
| When was the late classical period of Greece? | 400-323BCE |
| why did the Classical period begin in Greece? | after the Peloponnesian war and defeat of Athens by Sparta and allies, there was chaos in Greece as power was tossed back and forth |
| First half of the classical period (400-362BCE) in Greece had which rulers? | Spartan, then Athenian, then Theban. while these people fought, MACEDONIA rose in power! |
| Where was Macedonia and how was it organized? | north peninsula of where we have been looking, Lower part was coastal with cities of PELLA and VIRGINA/Aegae, Upper part was a mountainous region with semi-independent states under Macedonian rule |
| what was the political structure of Macedonia? | hereditary monarchy where king was war general surrounded by land-owning elites called companions, while most other Macedonians were simply farmers / semi-nomads with allegiance to the king |
| Were Macedonains greek? | probably not, but really wanted to be, did the same worshipping and loved their art |
| Who was Phillip II? | King of Macedon, invaded Greek city-states and crushed Athens in 338 BCE, putting Greeks under his control. Was gonna take over Persian empire but was assassinated in 336BCE |
| what was the League of Corinth? | confederation of Greek states under Macedonian control, established by Phillip II, unified Greece |
| who was Alexander the Great? | successor of Phillip II, king from 336-323BCE, expanded Macedonian empire from Egypt to India- HUGE. also defeated persian empire |
| what marks the beginning of the Hellenistic period? | the death of Alexander the great, a war of succession broke out afterwards |
| what 4 kingdoms emerged by 281BCE in the Hellenistic period? | ruled by Macedonian dynasties, the Ptolemaic kingdom (egypt), Seleucid empire (huge from Mesopot to asia), Kingdom of Pergamon (west asia), and Antigonid dynasty (Macedonain King) |
| what changes happened during the Hellenistic period? | the large spread of Greek/Macedonian culture created comingling of cultures and ideas, seen today. Linked lots of people together, but also marks the END OF CITY-STATES, NOW RULERS AND MONARCHS RULE |
| where were the 3 Macedonian Royal tombs located? | in the ancient CAPITAL city of Aegae, or Vergina. In lower Macedonia. Capital city since 8th century BCE. ALSO USED A LARGE TUMULUS TO COVER + PREVENT LOOTING |
| Who occupied tomb 1 in Aegae? | Persephone, simple room with no entrance, has a wall painting depicting her abduction by Hades, SHRINE was built nearby, suggesting worship. |
| what remains were found in tomb 1 in Aegae? | 2 skeletons, one of a male from Greece and another a female from Pella, buried between 400-367BCE. MACEDONIAN ROYALTY BURIED HERE |
| What were the characteristics of Tomb 2 in Aegae? | largest tomb, rounded roof, antechamber and chamber, doric columns with metope's and freize wall painting |
| what was depicted on the frieze in tomb 2 in Aegae? | Macedonian Royals and Aristocrats hunting, perhaps including Phillip II and Alexander the Great |
| what was found in the Antechamber in tomb 2 in Aegae? | cremated female remains in a gold larnax (chest) with symbols, tons of other gold weapons and a wreath - suggesting warrior |
| what was found in the Main chamber in tomb 2 in Aegae? | cremated male remains in a 24lbs gold larnax, tons of gold grave goods (mainly weapons), A SHEILD WITH GOLD AND IVORY CARVING DEPICTING A SCENE FROM HOMERS ILLIAD, and ivory heads |
| who is debated to be buried in the main chamber of tomb 2 in Aegae? | used to be thought to be Phillip II and his wife, but now we think Alexander the great's half brother- Phillip III and his wife due to the fact that the ceramics in there date to late 4th century BCE, long after Phillip II death |
| What were the characteristics of Tomb 3 in Aegae? | smaller than tomb 2 but still huge, 2 chambers with doric theme, had TONS of gold grave goods, indicating royal status, WALL PAINTING OF CHARIOT RACING |
| who is debated to be buried in the main chamber of tomb 3 in Aegae? | Alexander IV, Alexander the Great's posthumus son who was killed during the Hellenistic period (309 BCE) |
| when was Rome founded? | 753 BCE, with the story of mythological Romulus killing Remus, the two brothers who founded the city |
| where were the early origins of Rome? | central Italy, along Tiber river, on the south side of the mountains dividing Italy |
| What about its location made Rome a good place to find a city? | access to river (Tiber) which allowed for safety and control, on fertile volcanic soil to support large population, located between 2 important cities making Rome a important point of trade and communication |
| What are the key features of the topography of Rome that dictated its early organization? | the 7 hills, settlements on Capitoline and Palentine hills in Iron age, but the valleys were filled to prevent flooding by Tiber later |
| What were the early signs that a cohesive city was emerging with centralized political control in Rome? | the forum fill project in 7th century BCE to create a public space (market and political space), indicating coalescentium (coming together) |
| What archaeological evidence do we use to understand the early formation of the physical city of Rome? | the layers of the forum fill project, the Cloaca Maxima (great drain), the Sacred Way, and the Servian Wall (fortification wall) |
| What is our evidence for the period of monarchy in Rome? | the construction of the Regia (house of king), Curia, Comitium, and Rostra. foreshadowed the Republic + assembly of people |
| What buildings suggest that an early king had control in other spheres of urban life in early Rome? | the Regal Complex, where the king had his house and temples connected physically and ideologically, but the king was seen as the FATHER of vestal virgins to control religion and ideological beliefs |
| What is civic religion ? | the implicit religious values and symbols of a nation, expressed through public rituals, ceremonies, and national symbols that foster a sense of unity and identity among citizens. |
| How does civic religion help us understand the identity of the city of Rome and those who lived there? | shows urbanization progressing and identity of Rome is focused on the city and its institution |
| What is a 'polyadic' cult? | cult for the city, Rome and it's becomes idolized |
| What did the Capitolium look like | one entrance, Doric columns, NO peristyle, tripartite cella, was nearly 2x the size of Parthenon in Athens |
| where was the Capitolium located | on top of a Tufa block PODIUM, on top of the CAPITOLINE HILL |
| why was the Capitolium important for the early city of Rome? | it is the focus of civic religion, this is their temple that unites the people into believing the same thing |
| What does Republican Rome look like ? | very politically focused, wealthy families would try and out build each other with basilicas and other buildings. |
| how is Republican Rome similar to monarchy? | power still concentrated among elites, religion continued, military leadership remained central |
| how is Republican Rome different from monarchy? | one ruler vs senate of people advising, split up the power among more people |
| How do we understand the changing political situation in Rome archaeologically? | there have been several rebuilds of the curia and Comitium, the central political spaces |
| What buildings tell us something about changing political organization in Rome? | more buildings for people to meet and debate, curia (assembly room), comitium (open space), and rostra (platform) |
| How do the Curia and the Comitium operate together in the Forum? | always operated together, rebuilt together several times |
| How does the Rostra fit into the political situation of Republican Rome? | the platform where politicians would speak to the comitium assembly |
| How do the basilicae help aristocratic families advertise their status and power in the city? | building large monumental buildings for the public to use, shows a display of wealth and they get to put their family name on it |
| How did the Roman Republic end and how did that time period usher in the empire? | Rome was conquering land from 146BCE-100BCE. in 100BCE powerful military commanders took on Rome and started a civil war |
| How did Augustus use the city of Rome to advertise his new program of political organization? | restored old temples and built new ones to align himself as a god- termed RELIGIOUS PIETY, he used images of peace, prosperity, and fecundity so people link him to those things- redefining his political position |
| What buildings and monuments best exemplify Augustus' political agenda? | 4- Mausoleum of Augustus (burial site at entrance to Rome), Ara Pacis (altar of peace), Forum of Augustus, Temple to the divine Julius Caesar |
| How did Augustus use public art as propaganda to bend the people to his will? | he blocked the curia/comitium space with a temple to divine Julius (his father) and covered the buildings with Friezes that connect him to the past, (mythologically and republic) and show that he is what Rome needed (prosperity etc.) |
| What new innovations in Roman art were employed to advertise the new political organization of the empire? | children were added to art, Rome used Greek Caryatids on either side of a shield that depicts Greek and Egyptian deities as Egypt was just conquered |
| How did the emperors after Augustus curry favour with the people of Rome to legitimize their authority and power? | public projects (colosseum and bath houses), victory arches connecting themselves with Augustus, ALL BECAME DIEFIED after death! they didn't need to be as subtle as Augustus |
| when did the roman republic end? | 31/27BCE - Octavian now Augustus becomes first emperor of Rome |
| what happened in 50-44BCE? | Julius Caesar military general is at the height of his power, and then declares himself Dictator of Rome. shortly after he was assassinated |
| when did Octavian (Caesars adopted son) defeat his rival Mark Antony? | 31BCE |
| What are the circumstances of the eruption of Vesuvius and the subsequent destruction of Pompeii? | A long-dormant volcano erupted catastrophically, burying Pompeii under ash and killing thousands through collapse, suffocation, and extreme heat—while preserving the city for nearly 2,000 years. |
| What was the extent of the Vesuvian eruption? | 2 phases- Plinian (pumice rained for 18 hours, 3m tall) and Pelean (6 total pyroclastic flows |
| How do we understand the events of the eruption in such great detail today? | Plinian the Younger was watching the whole thing and wrote it down |
| What are the primary elements of a Roman city in the 1st century CE, exemplified by the remains of Pompeii? | entertainment spaces, atrium-style houses, tombs outside of city gates, curia and comitium (politics), forum with a capitolium, market places, temples, family burials or elite burials in the street of tombs |
| What are the primary archaeological features at Pompeii? | stratigraphic layers of volcanic deposition and life frozen in time |
| How do we know so much about individual politicians and their activities at Pompeii? | wall graffiti called programmata for slogans and advertisements. there's also inscriptions on buildings with names to announce power and status |
| What aspects of everyday life are found in the archaeology of Pompeii that is not seen at other archaeological sites? | thermopolium (snack bars) and bakeries and walkways and houses where rich and poor interacted all the time |
| What is the basic organization of domestic space in Roman atrium houses? | the front is public and can have shops, while the middle is a hangout spot, the back is a garden |
| what was the atrium in a roman house? | heart of the home with rooms branching off, contained an impluvium that caught rain, columns line the halls for impressing people and decorations as well |
| what was the tablinum in a roman house? | office / reception for the man of the house, as rich people with this style home are needed for something usually |
| what was the triclinium in a roman house? | dining room |
| What types of decoration appear frequently at Pompeii? | mosaics and wall paintings |
| Where are the decorations at Pompeii Roman houses found? | on the walls and floors, so wealthy that they stepped on art |
| What was Athen’s status in the Roman world/empire? | the intellectual, philosophical, and artistic center of the Mediterranean |
| How did emperor Hadrian transform the city of Athens? | added a library, Pantheon for all public purposes, completed the Olympieion (temple dedicated to Zeus), BUILT AN ARCH to combine Greek and roman styles and add more land to Athens. |
| How did emperor Septimius Severus transform the city of Leptis Magna/Lepcis Magna? | created a Quadrifrons arch (4 sides), a forum, and a basilica |
| Why is the transformation of Leptis Magna significant? | Septimius tried to establish a dynasty here, this was his hometown and he likened himself with gods like other roman arches |
| Where/what is the city of Palmyra? | a city in Syrian desert, mixed with greco-roman elements |
| Why did Palmyra become so prosperous in the Roman period? | located centrally between the Romans and Parthians, this was a great trade route from Mediterranean coast to Mesopotamia |
| What is unique about the Temple of Bel in Palmyra? | north-south orientation, no porch, relief sculptures of local gods, priests, veiled women, and camels. STAIRWAYS TO THE TOP TOO! |
| How does the Temple of Bel in Palmyra reflect the character of the city? | a melting pot of Roman/Greek/Semitic culture, the outside is Greeco-Roman, with the inside having Semitic differences |
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