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heart pathology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| bradycardia | slow heartbeat, with ventricular contractions less than 60 BPM |
| cardiac bruit | abnormal sound heard on auscultation. Usually a blowing or swishing sound, higher pitched than a murmur. May be described as cardiac or arterial. |
| auscultation | listening to the heart with a stethoscope |
| cardiac murmur | abnormal heart sound heard during systole, diastole, or both, which may be described as a gentle blowing, fluttering, or humming sound. |
| cardialgia | heart pain that may be described as atypical or ischemic. if specified as precordial pain, pain is in the area over the heart. |
| atypical cardialgia | a stabbing or burning pain that is variable in location and intensity and unrelated to exertion. |
| ischemic cardialgia | a pressing, squeezing, or weightlike cardiac pain caused by decreased blood supply that usually lasts only minutes. |
| cyanosis | lack of oxygen in blood, seen as a bluish or grayish discoloration of skin, nail beds, and/or lips. |
| diaphoresis | profuse secretion of sweat. also termed "hyperhidrosis", although the term "diaphoresis" is more often used to describe profuse sweating when it is a symptom of a myocardial infarction, |
| dyspnea; dyspnea on exertion (DOE) | difficult or painful breathing; if doe, it is experienced when effort is expended |
| edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues. Lymphedema is an accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the tissues due to inadequate drainage. |
| emesis | the product of vomiting. The result of forcible or involuntary emptying of the stomach through the mouth |
| nausea | sensation that accompanies the urge to vomit but does not always lead to vomiting |
| orthopnea | difficulty with breathing relieved only when the patient is in an upright position |
| pallor | paleness of skin and/or mucous membranes. On darker-pigmented skin, it may be noticed on the inner surfaces of the lower eyelids or the nail beds. |
| palpitations | pounding or racing of the heart, such that the patient is aware of his/her heartbeat |
| pulmonary congestion | excessive amount of blood in the pulmonary vessels. usually associated with heart failure |
| shortness of breath (SOB) | breathlessness, air hunger |
| tachycardia | rapid heartbeat, more than 100 bpm |
| hypertension (HTN) | excessive systemic arterial blood pressure. Can cause heart damage if persistent. |
| controlled/uncontrolled HTN | whether or not it is therapeutically corrected |
| primary/essential HTN | due to unknown causes (idiopathic) |
| secondary HTN | due to another disorder |
| transient HTN | present for an expected, limited amount of time |
| HTN with retinopathy | literally disease of the retina |
| rheumatic heart disease (RHD) | damage to the heart, most often the valves, as a result of an episode of an inflammatory condition, rheumatic fever. The name is a nod to the additional fluid in the joints, which are also afflicted |
| acute myocardial infarction (AMI) | cardiac tissue death that occurs when the coronary arteries are occluded (blocked) by an "atheroma" (a mass of fat or lipids on the wall of an artery) or a blood clot caused by an atheroma. |
| ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI); non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) | other terms for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) |
| aneurysm (of heart) | A ballooning of the heart. a mural cardiac aneurysm refers to the heart wall, while a ventricular aneurysm refers specifically to the lower chambers of the heart |
| angina pectoris | Paroxysmal chest pain or discomfort occurring when the heart does not receive enough oxygen, usually when the heart rate is accelerated. |
| unstable angina | sudden chest pain that occurs regardless of activity and is indicative of a complete blockage of a coronary artery. Also termed "accelerating/crescendo angina" or "intermediate coronary syndrome" |
| coronary (artery) artherosclerosis | accumulation and hardening of plaque in the coronary arteries that eventually can deprive the heart muscles of oxygen, leading to angina. further description includes the presence or absence of angina, and the location of the plaque. |
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | another term for coronary (artery) atherosclerosis |
| ischemia | lack of blood supply to tissues caused by a blockage or hemorrhage. Examples here relate to the heart. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is another term for acute ischemic heart disease |
| acute cor pulmonale | sudden right ventricular failure due to chronic pulmonary hypertension |
| aortic stenosis (AS) | narrowing of the aortic valve, which may be acquired or congenital |
| cardiac tampnade | compression of the heart due to buildup of fluid in pericardium |
| cardiomegaly | enlargement of the heart. May also be termed "cardiac hypertrophy" if referring to excessive development of the heart. |
| cardiomyopathy | disease of heart muscle. Also called "myocardiopathy" |
| endocarditis | inflammation of the inner lining of the heart with involvement of one or more of the valves |
| heart failure (HF) | inability of the heart muscle to pump blood efficiently, so that it becomes overloaded. The heart enlarges with unpumped blood, and the lungs fill with fluid. Previously called "congestive heart failure (CHF)" |
| mitral regurgitation (MR) | backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium in systole across a diseased valve. It may be the result of congenital valve abnormalities, rheumatic fever, or mitral valve prolapse (MVP) |
| mitral stenosis (MS) | narrowing of the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle caused by adhesions on the leaflets of the valve, usually the result of recurrent episodes of rheumatic endocarditis. |
| mitral valve prolapse (MVP) | protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular systole |
| pericarditis | inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart, with the possibility of pericardial effusion |
| pulmonary embolism (PE) | a blockage of one of the pulmonary vessels accompanied by death of lung tissue |
| pulmonary hyoertension | excessive pulmonary arterial blood pressure. May be idiopathic or as a result of other diseases such as congestive heart failure, sarcoidosis or cirrhosis of the liver |
| tricuspid stenosis (ST) | relatively uncommon narrowing of the tricuspid valve associated with lesions of other valves caused by rheumatic fever. Symptoms include jugular vein distention and pulmonary congestion |
| arrhythmia | Abnormal variation from the normal heartbeat rhythm. Also called "dysrhythmia" |
| atrioventricular block | partial or complete heart block that is the result of a lack of electrical communication between the atria and ventricles. also termed "heart block" |
| bundle branch block (BBB) | incomplete electrical conduction in the bundle branches, either left or right. |
| ectopic beats | heartbeats that occur outside a normal rhythm |
| atrial ectopic beats (AEB) | irregular contractions of the atria. Also termed "premature atrial contractions (PACs)" |
| ventricular ectopic beats (VEB) | irregular contractions of the ventricles. Also called "premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)". Are not always considered pathological |
| fibrillation | extremely rapid and irregular contractions (300/600/min) occurring with or without any underlying cardiovascular disorder, such as coronary artery disease |
| atrial fibrillation (AF) | the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia |
| ventricular fibrillation | rapid, irregular ventricular contractions; may be fatal unless reversed |
| flutter | extremely rapid nut regular heartbeat (250-350 bpm). "Atrial flutter" is a rapid, regular atrial rhythm |
| sick sinus syndrome (SSS) | any abnormality of the sinus node that may include the necessity of an implantable pacemaker |
| ventricular tachycardia (VT) | condition of ventricular contractions faster than 100 bpm. |
| cardiac enzymes test | blood test that measures the amount of cardiac enzymes characteristically released during a heart attack. determines amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CKor CPK) in blood. |
| troponin I and T | proteins released from cardiac muscle during an infarcton |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) test | blood test to determine the degree of inflammation in the body. it is used to predict the risk of heart disease. |
| homocysteine levels | test used to predict a patient's risk of stroke and CAD |
| lipid profile | blood test to measure the lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the circulating blood |
| angiocardiography | Process of recording the vessels of the heart. Also termed "coronary angiography". Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) takes out (subtracts) the background images to increase contrast |
| angioplasty | forming a vessel to repair, dilate, replace, or supplement it. |
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | a catheter is threaded into the coronary artery affected by atherosclerotic heart disease. The balloon tip at the tip of catheter inflates and deflates to compress plaque against wall of artery and increase blood flow stents keep open the artery post-op |
| angiotripsy | crushing a vessel. Procedure done to control bleeding. Also called "vasotripsy' |
| aortoplasty | forming a correction to the aorta to correct aortic defects such as aortic aneurysms |
| transmyocardial revascularization (TMR) | Procedure used to relieve severe angina in a patient who cannot tolerate a CABG or PTCA. With a laser, a series of holes is made in the heart muscle in the hope of increasing blood flow by stimulating |
| cardiac catherization | threading of a catheter (thin tube) into the heart to collect diagnostic information about structures in the heart, coronary arteries, and great vessels; also used as a means of access for treatment of CAD, congenital abnormalities, and heart failure |
| cardiac pacemaker | a device that is inserted into either a subcutaneous pocket on the chest or in the right ventricle to prevent the heart from beating too slowly |
| cardioplegia | immobilization of the heart in order to perform cardiac surgery. Also called asystole of the heart |
| cardioversion | changing an abnormal heart rhythm to a normal one using either chemicals or electricity |
| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | open-heart surgery in which a piece of a blood vessel from another location is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to reroute blood around a blockage |
| echocardiography (ECHO) | use of ultrasonic waves directed through the heart to study the structure and motion of the heart |
| Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) | images the heart through a transducer introduced into the esophagus |
| electrocardiography (ECH, EKG) | recording of electrical impulses of the heart as wave deflections of a needle on an instrument called an electrocardiograph. |
| Holter monitor | a portable EKG device with electrodes, which is worn on a belt for measurement of cardiac activity during daily activities (usually 24 hours) |
| heart transplant | the replacement of a failing, defective heart with a healthy donor heart. May or may not include lungs |
| left ventricular assist device (LVAD) | a mechanical pump device that assists a patient's weakened heart by pulling blood from the left ventricle into the pump and then ejecting it out into the aorta. LVADs may be used on patients awaiting transplant |
| minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) | surgical procedure in which the heart is still beating while a minimal incision is made over the blocked coronary artery and an artery from the chest wall is used as the bypass |
| pericardiolysis | surgical puncture of the pericardium to remove fluid from the pericardial sac for emergency treatment (cardiac tamponade) or for diagnostic purposes. also called a "pericardial tap" |
| radiofrequency ablation (RFA) | used to correct arrhythmias by destroying aberrant electrical pathways with heat. (ablation= destrou) |
| septoplasty | the process of forming a closure of an abnormal opening in an interatrial or interventricular wall. |
| valvuloplasty | repair of a heart valve damaged in disorders such as tricuspid stenosis or rheumatic heart disease |
| AEB | atrial ectopic beat |
| ACS | acute coronary syndrome |
| AF | atrial fibrillarion |
| AMI | acute myocardial infarction |
| AS | aortic stenosis |
| BBB | bundle branch block |
| CAD | coronary artery disease |
| CHF | congestive heart failure |
| DOE | dyspnea on exertion |
| HF | heart failure |
| HTN | hypertension |
| MR | mitral regurgitation |
| MS | mitral stenosis |
| MVP | mitral valve prolapse |
| NSTEMI | non-ST elevation myocardial infarction |
| PAC | premature atrial contraction |
| PDA | patent ductus arteriosus |
| PE | pulmonary embolism |
| PVC | premature ventricular contraction |
| RHD | rheumatic heart disease |
| RFA | radiofrequency ablation |
| SOB | shortness of breath |
| SSS | sick sinus syndrome |
| STEMI | ST elevation myocardial infarction |
| TS | tricuspid stenosis |
| VEB | ventricular ectopic beat |
| VT | ventricular tachycardia |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft |
| CK, CPK | creatine phosphokinase |
| CRP | C-reactive protein |
| DSA | digital subtraction angiography |
| ECHO | echocardiography |
| ECG, EKG | electrocardiography |
| HDL | high-density liopproteins |
| LDH | lactate dehydrogenase |
| LDL | low-density lipoproteins |
| LVAD | left ventricular assist device |
| MIDCAB | minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass |
| PTCA | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
| TEE | transesophageal echocardiogram |
| TMR | transmyocardial revascularization |
| VT | ventricular tachycardia |
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