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Ex 8: Animals II
Lab Practical 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Deuterostomes | Clade where the blastopore becomes the anus |
| Indeterminate Cleavage | Cleavage where cells retain the potential to develop into any part of the embryo |
| Radial Cleavage | The cleavage pattern characteristic of deuterostomes |
| Blastula | An early embryonic stage consisting of a hollow ball of cells |
| Gastrulation | Process forming the digestive tract (archenteron) in the embryo |
| Echinodermata | Phylum of marine animals with penta-radial symmetry as adults |
| Water Vascular System (WVS) | A network of canals used for locomotion, gas exchange, and feeding |
| Madreporite | The sieve-like opening that connects the WVS to the exterior |
| Tube Feet | Structures used for locomotion and grasping food |
| Ossicles | Calcareous plates that form the dermal endoskeleton of echinoderms |
| Test | A hard shell formed by fused ossicles (e.g., in sea urchins) |
| Aristotle's Lantern | The complex chewing apparatus of a sea urchin |
| Cardiac Stomach | Stomach in starfish that can be everted through the mouth to digest prey externally |
| Digestive Glands (Starfish) | Glands extending into the arms for nutrient absorption |
| Chordata Characteristics | Notochord, hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail |
| Notochord | A flexible rod providing support; becomes the vertebral column in vertebrates |
| Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord | Becomes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) |
| Pharyngeal Slits | Used for filter feeding or develop into gills/head parts |
| Post-anal Tail | A muscular tail extending beyond the anus; used for locomotion |
| Cephalochordata | Subphylum of lancelets (Amphioxus) that retain all chordate traits as adults |
| Tunicata | Subphylum of sea squirts with a protective outer "tunic" |
| Vertebrata | Subphylum of chordates with a backbone replacing the notochord |
| Cephalization | Concentration of nervous tissue at the anterior end to form a head/brain |
| Amphibia | Class including frogs; ectothermic with a three-chambered heart |
| Ectotherm | Organism whose body temperature is dependent on environmental heat |
| Cutaneous Respiration | Gas exchange directly through the skin |
| Frog Heart | Consists of two atria and one ventricle |
| Mammalia | Class including pigs; endothermic with a four-chambered heart |
| Endotherm | Organism that internally regulates body temperature via metabolism |
| Diaphragm | A sheet of skeletal muscle used by mammals for active breathing |
| Frog vs. Pig Stomach | Frogs have a more muscular stomach to break down insect exoskeletons |
| Frog vs. Pig Skin | Frogs have thinner skin for respiration; pigs have thick fat layers for insulation |
| Intestine Length Comparison | Pigs have longer small intestines to maximize nutrient absorption for energy |
| Fat Bodies | Structures in frogs used to store excess nutrients |
| Cloaca | The common exit chamber for digestive and reproductive waste in frogs |
| Coelom | A coelom is an internal body cavity found in triploblastic animals and is important because it provides space for organ formation and development |
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bbrdd