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AP Euro Unit 9 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Joseph Stalin | Soviet dictator (1920s–1953); implemented totalitarian policies, Five-Year Plans, and led USSR through WWII and early Cold War. |
| Nikita Khrushchev | Soviet leader after Stalin; known for de-Stalinization, Cuban Missile Crisis, and reforms like space race investments. |
| Leonid Brezhnev | Soviet leader (1964–1982); emphasized military build-up, stagnation, and issued the Brezhnev Doctrine to justify Soviet interventions. |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Last leader of the USSR; introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring); his reforms led to the end of the Cold War. |
| Winston Churchill | British Prime Minister during WWII and early Cold War; coined the term "Iron Curtain." |
| Margaret Thatcher | British Prime Minister (1979–1990); known for conservative policies, reducing welfare, her war with the Coal Miners Strike, and close ties with Reagan. |
| Simone de Beauvoir | French feminist philosopher; author of The Second Sex, a foundational text of second-wave feminism. |
| Margaret Sanger | American birth control activist; influenced European reproductive rights movements. |
| Mary Robinson | First female President of Ireland (1990–1997); human rights advocate. |
| Edith Cresson | First female Prime Minister of France (1991–1992); symbolized progress for women in European politics. |
| Ho Chi Minh | Communist leader of North Vietnam; fought French and American forces for independence. |
| Sukarno | First President of Indonesia; led independence from Dutch colonial rule. |
| Pope John Paul II | Polish Pope (1978–2005); opposed communism, supported Solidarity Movement in Poland. |
| Lech Walesa | Leader of Poland's Solidarity movement; first democratically elected President of Poland post-communism. |
| Ronald Reagan | U.S. President (1981–1989); escalated arms race but also negotiated the Cold War’s end with Gorbachev. |
| Yuri Gagarin | A Soviet cosmonaut who, on April 12th, 1961, became the first human to travel to space and orbit the Earth |
| The Cold War | Ideological and political struggle (1945–1991) between the U.S. and USSR without direct military conflict. |
| The Space Race | Cold war competition between the United States and Soviet Union to achieve significant milestones in space exploration. |
| Korean War | Conflict (1950–1953) between communist North Korea and capitalist South Korea; proxy war of Cold War. |
| Vietnam War | Conflict involving North Vietnam (communist) vs. South Vietnam/U.S.; symbol of Cold War-era proxy wars. |
| Yom Kippur War | 1973 Arab-Israeli war; led to increased Cold War tensions and energy crisis. |
| Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan | 1979 intervention by USSR; long and costly war contributing to Soviet decline. |
| Prague Spring | 1968 reform movement in Czechoslovakia crushed by Soviet forces. |
| Hungarian Revolt | 1956 uprising against Soviet control; brutally suppressed by USSR |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | 1962 Cold War standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba; brought the world close to nuclear war. |
| Ireland Nationalist Movement | Movement for Irish independence and unification; led to the creation of the Republic of Ireland. |
| Chechnya Nationalist Movement | Separatist movement in Russia; led to two wars for independence in the 1990s-2000s. |
| Basque Separatist Movemen | ETA-led movement in Spain seeking independence for Basque Country. |
| Fall of the Berlin Wall | 1989 event symbolizing end of Cold War and collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe. |
| Solidarity Movement | Polish labor movement opposing communism; major force in ending Soviet control. |
| Velvet Revolution | Peaceful 1989 revolution in Czechoslovakia that ended communist rule. |
| Fall of Yugoslavia | Breakup of communist Yugoslavia in the 1990s; resulted in violent ethnic conflicts and new states. |
| Second-wave Feminism | 1960s–80s feminist movement focused on equality in work, education, and reproductive rights. |
| Brexit | The UK’s decision to leave the European Union, voted in 2016 and finalized in 2020. |
| Marshall Plan | U.S. economic aid plan to rebuild Western Europe after WWII and stop spread of communism. |
| Truman Doctrine | U.S. policy to support countries resisting communism, especially in Greece and Turkey. |
| Proxy Wars | Indirect conflicts between major powers (U.S. and USSR) fought through smaller regional wars. |
| The Iron Curtain | Term used to describe the division between capitalist Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe. |
| Sputnik 1 | Launched by the Soviet Union on Oct 4th, 1957, this was the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. This marked the beginning of the Space Race. |
| The World Bank | International financial institution that offers loans and advice to developing countries. |
| The United Nations (UN) | International organization established in 1945 to promote peace and cooperation. |
| international Monetary Fund (IMF) | Provides financial assistance and economic advice to countries in crisis. |
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) | International trade treaty aiming to reduce tariffs and expand trade (predecessor to WTO). |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | International body regulating global trade and resolving disputes. |
| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | Western military alliance formed in 1949 to counter Soviet threat. |
| Warsaw Pact | Eastern bloc military alliance formed by the USSR in response to NATO. |
| COMECON | Soviet economic organization to coordinate Eastern European economies during the Cold War. |
| De-Stalinization | Reforms after Stalin’s death aimed at reducing terror and censorship, begun by Khrushchev. |
| Brezhnev Doctrine | Policy asserting the USSR's right to intervene in socialist countries to preserve communism. |
| “Cradle to the Grave” | European welfare systems providing lifelong state support (healthcare, education, pensions). |
| Perestroika | Gorbachev’s economic restructuring policy to revive the Soviet economy. |
| Glasnost | Gorbachev’s policy of openness and transparency in government and media. |
| Indian National Congress | Indian political party that led the struggle for independence from British rule. |
| Algeria’s National Liberation Front (FLN) | Led Algeria’s war of independence from France (1954–1962). |
| European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) | 1951 organization to integrate coal and steel industries; precursor to the EU. |
| European Economic Community (EEC) | 1957 economic integration group; later became the EU. |
| Maastricht Treaty | 1992 treaty that created the modern European Union and common currency (euro). |
| European Union (EU) | Political and economic union of European countries aimed at integration and cooperation. |
| French National Front (now National Rally | Right-wing nationalist party known for anti-immigration and Euroscepticism. |
| Austrian Freedom Party | Right-wing populist party with anti-immigrant and nationalist policies |
Created by:
Sara Hill