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Bio ch 21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how do prokaryotic genomes differ from eukaryotic genomes | pro- small circular DNA, fewer genes euk- large linear DNA, many genes, has noncoding regions |
| why do humans have relatively few genes | genes can produce multiple proteins |
| how can one gene produce multiple proteins | alternative RNA splicing post translational modifications miRNA regulation |
| what's a transposable element | DNA sequence that can move from one location to another within the genome |
| different between cut and paste vs copy and paste transpoons | cut/paste-it gets moved, removes DNA element from original site to another copy/paste- gets duplicated, original stays, copy inserts elsewhere |
| what's a polyploidy and where is it common | an accident in meiosis, results in having more than 2 sets of chromosomes common in plants |
| how can mistakes in meiosis cause duplication | during prophase I/anaphase a portion of a chromosome is repeated occurs via unequal crossing over (recombination) between misaligned chromosomes or through nondisjunction. results in gametes with extra genetic material. |
| how do transposable elements contribute to evolution | promote recombination disrupt genes/control move genes/exons to new locations |
| what does similarity in DNA sequences between species indicate | closer evolutionary relationship |
| what are hox genes | genes that control body plan and development along the head to tail axis |
| why are hox genes important | determine where body structures develop during embryonic development |
| main level of gene expression regulation in eukaryotes | epigenetic, transcriptional, post transcriptional, translational, post translational |
| rna interference (RNAi) | small RNA molecules bind to mRNA and block transcription or cause degradation |
| difference between miRNA and siRNA | miRNA - imperfect match, blocks translation sirna perfect match, degrades mRNA |
| key differences between lac operon and trp operon | lac- inducible (on when lactose is present) trp- repressible (off when trp present) |
| retrovirus | RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA |
| lytic vs lysogenic cycle | lytic- immediate replication, cell lysis lysogenic- viral DNA integrates and remains dormant |
| what's pcr used for | amplify dna |
| gel electrophoresis used for | separate DNA by size |
| what's crispr cas -9 used for | edit DNA at specific sequences |
| what causes cells to differentiate | differential gene expression |
| stem cell | undifferentiated cell that can self renew and specialize |
| pluripotent vs multipotent | pluri- almost any cell type multi- limited range |
| how does DNA methylation affect gene expression | turns genes off |
| how does histone acetylation affect gene expression | turns genes on |
| why are viruses non living | cant reproduce without a host |
| what determine which cells a virus infects | receptor comparability |
Created by:
Lilyhowes