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Gov AP Exam Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the purposes of the preamble? | Lays out the goals of the Constitution, establishes the source of the Constitution's authority / gives consent of the governed (the people) |
| What are the 7 articles of the Constitution? | Article I - Legislative; Article II - Executive; Article III - Judicial; Article IV - State's relationships; Article V - Amendment process; Article VI - Supremacy Clause; Article VII - Ratification process |
| What are the amendments of the Constitution? (1-8) | 1. Freedom of religion and expression. 2. Bear arms. 3. Quartering troops. 4. Search and seizure. 5. Remain silent, double jeopardy, 6. Trial by jury in criminal cases. 7. Trial by jury in civil cases. 8. Excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment. |
| What are the amendments of the Constitution? (9-17) | 9. Unlisted rights. 10. Powers reserved to states. 11. Can't sue a state. 12. Separate ballots for president and vp. 13. Slavery. 14. Citizenship, due process, equal protection. 15. Black men can vote. 16. Income tax. 17. Direct election of senators. |
| What are the amendments of the Constitution? (18-24) | 18. Prohibition. 19. Women vote. 20. Time of inauguration. 21. Ends prohibition. 22. Two terms only for president. 23. DC can vote for president. 24. Poll tax. |
| What are the amendments of the Constitution? (25-27) | 25. Presidential succession and removal. 26. 18 year olds can vote. 27. Congress can't give themselves a raise. |
| What are natural rights? What document can they be found in? | People are born with certain rights that are given to them by their Creator. Found in Declaration of Independence. |
| What is popular sovereignty? What document can it be found in? | The idea that the government's power is derived from the people, and they are the ones that give consent to have it rule over them. Found in Declaration of Independence. |
| What is a social contract? What document can it be found in? | People surrender some freedoms in exchange for protection of their rights and social order. |
| What is limited government? | Government authority is restricted by a Constitution which protects people's individual rights. |
| What is republicanism? | The idea that a government is a state organized as a republic, where the people decide what happens, not a monarch. |
| What is procedure due process? | Requirements on government officials to use methods that are not arbitrary when making or carrying out decisions that affect protected rights. |
| What is everything about the 4th amendment? | Outlines the limitations for how the government acquires evidence. Have to have a specific warrant and probable cause for a person to be searched/seized. |
| What is the exclusionary rule? | Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court. |
| What is everything about the 5th amendment? | Explains protections during the pre-trial period and establishes that citizens have guaranteed due process protections. There is indictment by a grand jury, protection from double jeopardy, protection from self incrimination, some of the Miranda rights. |
| What is everything about the 6th amendment? | Protections provided to ensure fair trials in an adversarial system. Includes speedy public trial by a jury (12 or more) of peers, right to an attorney, and has to have witnesses and evidence. |
| What is everything about the 8th amendment? | Protections against excessive fines and bails and cruel and unusual punishment. Crime has to fit the punishment. |
| What is participatory democracy? | Emphasizes broad participation in politics and civil society. |
| What is elite democracy? | Emphasizes limited participation by a few, well-educated and informed states people who are qualified to direct the nation through law making on behalf of the people. |
| What is pluralist democracy? | Describes group based activism by nongovernmental interests which work to impact political decision making. |
| What is initiative? | The voters put an issue on the ballot which they want passed into law. |
| What is referendum? | When people oppose a law that is passed by their legislature. |
| What is individualism? | Each person has the ability to shape their life and destiny through choices they make. |
| What is Equality of Opportunity? | All people are given an equal chance to succeed. |
| What is Free Enterprise? | The market determines prices, products, and services. |
| What is Rule of Law? | Every person, even those in power, must follow and is accountable to the law. |
| What are the ways the legislative branch can check the other branches? (5) | Senate confirmation of federal judges, Senate confirmation of executive officers, Senate ratification of treaties, Congressional oversight, Create courts and adjust jurisdiction. |
| What are the ways the legislative branch can check the other branches? (5) | Budgeting, Amendment proposal, Pass legislation limits presidential discretionary authority, Override veto, Impeachment. |
| What are the ways the executive branch can check the other branches? (4) | Nominate federal judges, Issue executive orders, Veto legislation, Pocket veto |
| What are the ways the judicial branch can check the other branches? (2) | Judicial review and injunctions. |
| What is federalism? | Shared power between the start and national government and people are able to elect representation to both state and national government. |
| What are the benefits and conflicts of federalism? | Benefits: Two governments are protecting rights and experimentation. Conflicts: Conflict between 10th and 14th amendments. |
| What is dual federalism? | Clear distinction between state and federal responsibilities. |
| What is cooperative federalism? | Blended responsibilities between state and national government. |
| What are things that shift power toward the federal government? | Commerce clause, 14th amendment, Necessary and Proper clause, and Supremacy clause. |
| What are things that shift power toward the state governments? | 10th amendment, Police powers, Article 4 (Full faith and Credit Clause and Privileges and Immunities) |
| What are concurrent powers? | Powers that can be exercised by both the state and federal government. |
| What are block grants? | Money to states for a general purpose; there are few limitations or conditions on the money. |
| What are categorical grants? | Money given to states for a specific purpose with clear and strict conditions. |
| What is a mandate? | Laws passed by the federal government that compels and requires state actions. |
| What is Devolution? | Process by which the federal government shifts responsibilities back to the states. |
| What are enumerated powers? | Powers that are specifically listed in the Constitution. |
| What is Congressional oversight? | Congress ensures that the executive branch is effective, on budget, and operating within the law. |
| What is the clause that allows congress to create legislation to carry out enumerated powers? | Necessary and Proper Clause |
| What are the enumerated powers of Congress? | Print /coin money, Levy taxes, Budget, Borrow money, Commerce clause, Form/fund military, Declare war, Create post offices, Form federal courts, Fight pirates |
| Who controls the House of Representatives? | Speaker of the House |
| Who runs the meetings in the Senate? | President Pro-tempore |
| What are committees? | Groups within Congress that deal with specific policy areas. |
| What are the two types of committees in Congress? | Permanent/standing committees, and joint/select committees. |
| What are caucuses? | Groups with common identity interests in Congress |
| What were the framer's intentions with the House of Representatives? | Represents the people and reflect the popular will. |
| What were the framer's intentions with the Senate? | Represents the states and is logical. |
| What type of debate occurs in the House and the Senate? | House - Has limited time restriction and certain days that debate can occur. Senate - Unlimited time for debate. |
| What does the Rules Committee do? | They are a very powerful committee that determines if a bill makes it to other committees or the floor. |
| What is a filibuster? | Endless debate to prevent a vote. |
| What is a cloture? | When a supermajority (60 votes) ends a filibuster and debate and moves forward to a vote |
| Which part of Congress has the power of the purse? | House of Representatives, all spending bills must originate in the house. |
| How does impeachment work in Congress? | House writes the articles of impeachment, and Senate has an impeachment trial. |
| What is advice and consent and who was this power? | It is a power given to the Senate and the are able to ratify treaties and confirm appointments made by the president. |
| What does the conference committee do? | Fix differences in the bills passed in the house and Senate. |
| What is oversight? | Congress's power to review, monitor, and supervise the executive branch. |
| What is a rider? | Anything added to a bill to gain support. |
| What is pork-barrell spending? | A rider that provides money specifically to a district or state. |
| What is logrolling? | Bills get combined to secure votes |
| What is an omnibus bill? | Incredibly large complicated bills that deal with a number of issues. |
| What is follow the leader legislation? | When house and Senate leadership, with support of the president, bypass "normal order" to push a bill through. |
| What is mandatory spending? | Spending required by law (social security, medicare, medicaid, interest on national debt) |
| What is discretionary spending? | Everything else negotiated in budget. (Military) |
| What is deficit spending? | Spending more money than we’re taking in. |
| What is Continuing Resolution? | When a budget can’t be reached, so the budget from the previous year is used. |
| What is a trustee? | Representative believes that their constituency trusts them to vote using their judgement. (Trust-ME) |
| What is a delegate? | Representative believes that they should reflect the will of their voters. |
| What is a politico? | Representative votes based on a number of factors. |
| What are the formal powers of the president? | Appoint executive officers (Cabinet), Recommend legislation to Congress, Submit budget proposal, Veto, Pocket veto, Commander In Chief, Appoint ambassadors, Negotiate treaties and trade deals. |
| What are the informal powers of the president? | Executive orders, signing statements, executive agreements, and bully pulpit. |
| What is a line item veto? | Allows for parts of a bill to be vetoed but not the entire thing. (DOES NOT EXIST AT A FEDERAL LEVEL) |
| Federalist 70 | Unitary executive that can quickly take action and be held accountable for things. |
| Who has power over the creation of the federal courts? | Congress create federal courts, number of court jurisdictions, and number of supreme court justices. |
| How does a case go through the supreme court? | Petition for appeal → yes if 4 justices say yes → A writ of certiorari is issued → Petitioner and respondent file briefs (Amicus Curiae occurs during this time)→oral arguments → Conference → Opinions → vote → dissent and majority opinion, announce ruling |
| Federalist 78 | Independent judicial branch. |
| What is precedent? | Principle that rulings should be based on previous rulings in similar cases |
| What is stare decisis? | Principle that judges should follow precedent |
| What are the two different types of judicial philosophies? | Conservative Judicial philosophy and Liberal Judicial Philosophy. |
| What is the conservative Judicial philosophy about? | Strict construction (Government can only do things listed the Constitution), originalism (Constitution should be interpreted as close to original meaning), and judicial restraint (emphasize on stare decisis) |
| What is the Liberal judicial philosophy about? | Loose construction ( if the Constitution doesn't say the government can't do something, it can), Living Constitution (meaning should change), Judicial activism, (Looking for new rights) |
| What is selective incorporation? | Process by which the courts use the due process clause to limit states' abilities to regulate civil liberties. |
| What are civil liberties? | Protections from arbitrary government inference. |
| What is the establishment clause? | No law can mention a religion, and the government can't discriminate against a religion. |
| What is the free exercise clause? | The government can't interfere with religious practices. |
| What are the freedoms in the First Amendment? | Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom to assemble, freedom to petition. |
| What is rational choice voting? | Voting based on individual's best interest. |
| What is retrospective voting? | Voting based on past performances. |
| What is prospective voting? | Voting based on future predictions. |
| What is party line voting? | Voting on all candidates of one party for all offices. |
| What is political efficacy? | The degree to which a person believes their participation makes a difference. |
| What is a libertarian? | They are a group that wants to be left alone; they do not care about anything. |
| What is the national voter registration act? | Allows a person to sign up to vote when getting their license. |
| What is keynesian economics? | Government spending to stimulate economic growth. |
| What is trickle down economics? | Tax cutes to stimulate economic growth. |
| What is the free rider problem with interest groups? | People get the benefits of a union without paying into it. |
| What are opinion polls? | Measures public opinion on various issues. |
| What are benchmark polls? | A place to start regarding feelings about a candidate or issue. |
| What are tracking polls? | During an election time that changes over time. |
| What are exit polls? | Gives an idea on how and why people voted. |
| What is the incumbency effect? | Incumbency (Already have held office) increases the likelihood of reelection. |
| What is political socialization? | The process by which people develop their political beliefs, values, and behaviors over time. |
| If a bill fails to get out of committee in the House, what can the full House do to get the bill on the floor for a vote? | Discharge petition. |
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