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multilingualism fina
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| discourse models | belief systems/ideologies (can only be studied through discourse) |
| big D Discourse | consists of small-d discourses & multiple languages: e.g. feminism, capitalism |
| small d discourse | micro levels and specific issues |
| language ideologies | cultural systems of ideas, feelings, norms, values, which inform thought about language |
| language ideology: hierarchy of languages | belief that linguistic practices can be labelled/divided into languages/dialects in a hierarchy ( |
| language ideology: standard language ideology | belief that languages are internally homogeneous, bounded entities that are standardized |
| idea of standard language reaffirmed through... | codification (dictionaries, textbooks) and pedagogical ritual (teaching it in schools) |
| language ideology: one nation one language ideology | belief that language = territory and that link between language and national identity is essential ('natural' link') |
| language ideology: mother tongue ideology | belief that speakers have one (& only one) 'mother tongue' (which is a vague term in itself) - norm of monolingualism |
| suggested replacements for 'native speaker' and 'mother tongue' | language expertise (proficiency), language inheritance (born into tradition), language affiliation (attachment/identification) |
| language ideology: purism | belief that there is a 'good/proper' language, denial that language changes, policing of language |
| pidgins and creoles | varieties with high degrees of hybridity originating in language contact situations (usually trade) |
| pidgin | used for limited communicative purposes |
| creole | used as native language by at least some speakers |
| creole example | Tok Pisin ('talk pidgin) + Hiri Motu - papua new guinea |
| examples of linguistic variation | AAE, Singlish |
| pennycook's frameworks | colonial celebration, laissez-faire liberalism, linguistic imperialism, linguistic human rights, linguistic hybridity, postcolonial performativity |
| colonial celebration | english is the BEST and it SHOULD spread (completely uncritical, conservative, legacy of colonialism) |
| laissez-faire liberalism | promoting USEFULNESS of enlgish with a MARKET FOCUS (economic) e.g. singapore promoting english |
| linguistic imperialism | spread of english = threat to diversity, helpless to stop it: institutional (capitalistic) focus |
| linguistic human rights | people have a RIGHT to use their 'mother tongue' & english is a threat: individual focus |
| linguistic hybridity | integration & coexistence of different languages, change is natural |
| post-colonial performativity | post-colonization trade languages merging with local languages (& BEING USED in a natural, justified way) |
| french youth languages (relating to pennycook) | Nouchi, Verlan |
| maori in new zealand: revitalization | official language alongside english since 1987, introduced through schooling for biculturalism and (additive) bilingualism |
| ukraine: multilingualism | implementing de-russification after USSR, becoming monolingual (ukranian and english >>> russian) |
| ascribed D-identities | ascribed vs achieved, D(iscourse)-identities that are either internalized or opposed (w/ inferior/superior) |
| problem with 'code-switching/code-mixing' | presupposes separate bounded languages/varieties |
| translanguaging | using full linguistic repertoire without adhering to social/political boundaries of language |
| uni-directional | speaker & person who's voice is stylized are aligned: quoting words (e.g. quoting "yes, we can") |
| vari-directional | speaker & person who's voice is stylized are NOT aligned: constructing/reinforcing stereotypes |
| language crossing | use of language not generally thought to belong to the speaker, moving across social/ethnic boundaries |
| commodification of language | politics of identity -> politics of linguistic capital (think laissez-faire liberalism) |
| flexible multilingual criteria | using children's home language / literacy practices, working towards educational equity, using translanguaging, offering a range of tracks, providing access to important local/global languages |
| problems with 'mother tongue' education | artificial colonial languages used as basis, gap b/w school/street varieties, spread of urban vernacular, politics (e.g. apartheid legacy in south africa), arrogance from white experts |
| literacy bridge | looking at common linguistic denominators of students and setting up 'bridge programs' considering those |
| integration discourse metaphors: centre-periphary | us vs them: only those on the periphery are in need of integration |
| integration discourse metaphors: game | winning/losing in the game of integration |
| integration discourse metaphors: mathematical graph | leaves unspecified the number of "points" needed to win - successful completion impossible (no endpoint, continuing into infinity) |
| integration discourse metaphors: statistical correlations | not individual or bottom/top inside/outside, but a state achieved or not by a particular society (equal opportunity for all): NO DEFICIT ASSUMPTION |
| heteroglossia | linguistic repertoires and resources in different languages, registers, and styles (standard and non-standard) + ideological/identity views |
| symbolic use of language | used for status , communicate values, or "vibes", not to communicate essential info (e.g. what's being sold) |
| instrumental use of language | used to communicate essential information |
| top down signs | official signs issued by institutional actors |
| bottom up signs | by autonomous, individual social actors |
| necessity/luxury sign distinctions | mode of production, placement, reader positioning (are they directly addressed?) |
| place semiotics: code preference system | preferred & marginalized code: which is higher and bigger? |
| place semiotics: inscription system | presentation - fonts, luxury/necessity, craftsmanship |
| place semiotics: emplacement system | meaning considering context of where/how they are placed (situated, decontextualized, transgressive) |
Created by:
cheapnmeowing