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Motivation E4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what is an emotion? | psychological construct that unites and coordinates 4 components of experience into a synchronized pattern |
| 4 components | feeling, arousal, purposive, expressive |
| purpose of an emotion | help adapt to opportunities and challenges we face |
| motivational properties | energizes and directs behavior; indicate how well or poorly personal adaption is going |
| chicken and the egg | whether thoughts precede feelings or vie-versa resulting in bidirectional loop |
| two-systems view | cognitive and biological systems are separate but work together |
| ending of emotion | eliminate or change the event that caused it; person coping to manage or alter event |
| biological perspective | 2 to 8 primary emotions |
| cognitive perspective | unlimited number of emotions; acknowledges primary emotions but stresses complex secondary emotions |
| emotion schemas | the result of a basic emotion plus the growth, experience, and cognition of that emotion |
| coping functions | adapt better to life events |
| social functions | social interaction is better; communicate feelings to others, facilitate and invite interaction, create maintain and dissolve relationships |
| emotional regulation | process by which the person seeks to influence which emotion is experienced, when and how it is experienced, and how it is expressed publicly and observably |
| situation selection | take action to make emotional experience more or less likely |
| situation modification | problem-focused coping; efforts to establish primary control over situation; search for social support |
| attentional focus | redirect one's attention within the situation |
| reappraisal | changing the way an individual thinks about a potentially emotional-eliciting situations |
| suppression | down regulate an already occurring emotional experience; the problems here are that it backfires and is blunt |
| emotion vs. mood | mood lasts longer, is more cognitively based, and has unknown processes |
| valence | the intrinsic attractiveness versus aversiveness of an event: pleasure vs. displeasure |
| arousal | activation vs. deactivation |
| James-Lange theory of emotion | significant life event leads to an instantaneous bodily reaction that causes the emotion |
| problems with JLT | fight or flight does not differ between emotions, emotional experience is quicker than physiology, and physiological arousal augments emotions |
| facial feedback hypothesis | felt emotion arises from movements of the facial musculature, temperature, and skin |
| sequence of emotion activating events | significant life event -> facial feedback -> facial action |
| strong version | FF causes emotion; manipulate facial musculature that corresponds to an emotion to cause that emotion |
| weak version | FF modifies the intensity of emotion; manage facial musculature to exaggerate or suppress current emotional state |
| appraisal | an estimate of the personal significance of an event; appraisal of the event, not the event, causes the emotion |
| complex emotions | rooted in cognitive, social, and cultural understanding |
| Arnold's appraisal theory of emotion | situation leads to appraisal of good or bad, the emotion of liking or disliking, and the action which is approach or withdrawal; doesn't account for coping |
| Lazarus's complex appraisals | more detailed appraisal process |
| emotion knowledge | ability to differentiate emotional experience into discrete categories and to differentiate one particular basic emotion into it's various shades |
| attribution | a causal explanation for why the outcome occurred, or the reason the person uses to explain the outcome; if you change the attribution, you change the emotion |
| emotional contagion | tendency to automatically mimic and synchronize expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements with those of another person to converge on the same emotional experience (unconsciously) |
| social sharing of emotion | person recounts the full emotional episode in conversation |
| social-affective sharing | listening, understanding |
| cognitive sharing | processing, reframing, working through it |
| three types of emotions | basic, self-conscious, cognitively complex |
| seven basic emotions | fear, anger, disgust, sadness, joy, contempt, interest |
| fear | interpret a situation as dangerous and threat to one's psychological or physiological well-being; motivates protection and warning signal |
| three allies to fear | anxiety, phobias, and PTSD |
| anxiety | no identifiable threat and does not direct behavior |
| PTSD | arises from an experience of extreme danger that elicits fear and long term trauma |
| phobias | fears of specific situations, events, bodily injury, animals, and places |
| anger | obstacles to our plans, goals, or well being cause us to overcome those obstacles; most passionate and dangerous emotion |
| disgust | repulsion to contaminated foods to reject, protect, and survive |
| moralization | pair disgust emotion with and object or event to remove and temptation to interact further with the object or event |
| contempt | arises from a sense of being morally superior to another person to maintain the social hierarchy |
| sadness | the most negative and aversive emotion; experience of separation or failure to alleviate the distress-provoking circumstances |
| joy | emotional evidence that things are doing well |
| 3 functions of joy | facilitates our willingness to engage in social activities, soothing functions, play and be creative |
| interest | most prevalent in day-to-day functioning; opportunities to grow that motivates environmental engagement |
| shame | violation of morality and competent functioning; barometer to tell us how we are doing compared to moral and performance standards of acceptability |
| 2 paths of shame | to protect(weaker) and restore (stronger) the self |
| guilt | an action that causes harm to others leading to specific prosocial behavior |
| embarrassment | anticipation or perception of a disruption of a smooth social interaction leading to an appeasement of the audience by taking action to repair the negative self impression |
| pride | feeling proud of one's achievement and successes |
| authentic pride | caused by success and accomplishment leading to prosocial behavior |
| hubristic pride | also caused by success and accomplishment, but leads to antisocial behavior |
| triumph | victory in a competitive situation to signal that one is socially/competitively dominant and that others should avoid future challenges; triumph is more expressive than pride |
| envy | the goof fortune of others causing a painful emotion to level the difference between self and other |
| benign envy | improve one's position and leads to behavior aimed at moving up |
| malicious envy | improve one's position by pulling down the envied person |
| gratitude | when one has benefited from the intentional and costly generosity causing a positive emotion; influences one to do the same for others |
| disappointment | positive outcome was planned, action taken, outcome did not materialize |
| regret | made a poor decision, things turned out bad, and now I wish I would have made a better choice. Generates corrective motivation |
| hope | a wish to attain an attractive goal and functions to stay focused on said goal |
| schadenfreude | take pleasure in the misfortune of others because they feel that justice has been served |
| empathy | desire for another person to feel better |
| compassion | negative and positive; reduce another's suffering |
| 5 self-conscious emotions | shame, pride, triumph, guilt, embarrassment, |
| 8 cognitively complex emotions | gratitude, hope, compassion, empathy, schadenfreude, disappointment, regret, envy |
Created by:
zoedinius