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Psychobio 2B lec 1-3
Psychobio 2B
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Central nervous system | brain + spinal cord |
| peripheral ns | somatic + autonomic NS |
| somatic ns | - voluntarily controlled - motor + sensory neurons |
| autonomic ns | - involuntary - sympathetic ns = activation, fight/flight - parasympathetic ns = relaxation, conserve energy |
| Central nervous system | brain + spinal chord |
| peripheral ns | somatic + autonomic NS |
| somatic ns | - voluntarily controlled - motor + sensory neurons |
| autonomic ns | - involuntary - sympathetic ns = activation, fight/flight - parasympathetic ns = relaxation, conserve energy |
| brain | - Hq of ns - sensation, percep, thinking, awareness, emotions, planning - 2% of weight by 20% of resourcs |
| cerebral cortex | - 2 hems connected by corpus collosum - prim sens areas (processing, bringing to awareness, leading up to exec funct + motion) - mostly neocortex, otherwise allocortex |
| cerebral cortex | - 2 hems connected by corpus collosum - prim sens areas (processing, bringing to awareness, leading up to exec funct + motion) - mostly neocortex, otherwise allocortex |
| neocortex | -newest + most advanced part of cereb cort - 6 layers of neurons, grey matter - split into lobes |
| limbic system | - where brainstem meets rest of brain - emotions, sleep/wake, hunger - cerebellum, hypothalamus, hippocamp, amyg |
| cerebellum | - "small brain" - mvmnt + posutre unconc - contains 80% of neurons - motor learning |
| limbic system | - where brainstem meets rest of brain - emotions, sleep/wake, hunger - cerebellum, hypothalamus, hippocamp, amyg |
| cerebellum | - "small brain" - mvmnt + posutre unconc - contains 80% of neurons - motor learning |
| brain stem | - oldest, most basic - life support functions (breathing, digestion, heartbeat, unconc) |
| corpus callosum | bundle of neurons interface btwn left + right hems, comm btwn them - disruption = probs w comm when ntwrk relies on info btwn hems |
| brain stem | - oldest, most basic - life support functions (breathing, digestion, heartbeat, unconc) |
| corpus callosum | bundle of neurons interface btwn left + right hems, comm btwn them - disruption = probs w comm when ntwrk relies on info btwn hems |
| gyrus | - protruded areas/ridges - eg = superior temporal gyrus |
| sulcus | - valley in brain - eg = lateral sulcus btwn temporal lobe + rest of brain |
| superior/dorsal | top brain (spine =right 90 degs) |
| posterior/caudal | back brain |
| inferior/ventral | bottom brain |
| anterior/rostral | front brain |
| lateral | moving twrds outside |
| medial | moving twrd centre |
| cerebral cort lobes | - frontal - parietal - temporal - occipital |
| frontal lobe | - folding heaviest, most advanced brain functs - prim motor cortex (volition leads to locomosh, topographic, voluntary mvmnts) - personality = impulse ctrl, mem, reward seeking behav, emp, selective atten, phineas gage (frontal lobe inj = change perso |
| parietal lobe | - somatosensory cortex (sensory info (touch, pain, temp, sense of limb posish), topographic - touch + taste - mult strands of info begin to interface |
| temporal lobe | - primary auditory cortex (receives into from ears broken into comps = freq, pitch, timbre; Wernicke + broca's areas; interacts w limbic syst = mem, learning, atten - sounds + smells |
| occipital lobe | - visual processing (distance, depth, clr, mmvnts, recognising objects + faces) - furthest back - prim vis cort (vis info from ret via LGN + thalam > parietal lobe thru dorsal ntwrk = objects locash > temporal thu ventral ntwrk = meaning to obj) |
| visual processing | occipital lobe |
| somatosensory processing | parietal lobe |
| planning, reward seeking, personality | frontal lobe |
| auditory cortex | temporal |
| neuroimaging | - strong documentaion - produce img reflecting struct + funct of brain (areas) - fNIRS, fMRI, PET, EEG |
| animal models | - draw concs abt functions wouldn’t be able to w humans due to invasiveness - brains differ In size + strucs but similarities |
| functional Near-Infrared Spectoscopy | fNIRS - measures hemoglobin conc thru absorpsh of near infrared light |
| functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | fMRI - measures changes in oxygen lvl in blood to map which areas more/less active |
| Positron Emission Tomography | PET - Accurate but invasive - Inject radioactive substance, monitor bloodstream as indicator of activity, metabolic activity in brain |
| Electroencephalography | EEG - measures elec activ in scalp (neurons prod magnetic fields), measures changes in fields - fast, temporally precise, poor spatial resolush |
| grey matter | - mostly cell bodies, thin crust arnd cortex |
| white matter | - connection btwn neurons |
| myelination | - helps stop actin potens degrad - increase effish of transport of sig |
| dendrites | receive input from other neurons |
| axon | - action potensh sent down |
| synapse | - locash of release of neurotrans - pre synaptic neuron releases neurot into its synapse - neurot bind to receptors in post synaptic dendrite |
| membrane potential | - resting potensh = -70mV (more neg) - naturally diff potensh inside + outside neuron - inside = potassium K+ - oustide = sodium Na+, chloride Cl- |
| potential | separation of charges |
| graded potential | - depolarisation from dendrites receive input - if gets to -55mV = action potensh |
| action potential | - at -55mV = channels open allowing Na+ ions into neuron - triggers elec sig down axon - at +30mV K+ leaves cell = repolarisation leading to hyperpolarised (diff to fire again) |
| Neural tube | - foundation of later CNS - open tissue begins to fold on itself, closes + becomes tube - diff segments acquire identities later (hind, mid, forebrain = embryonic zones) |
| stages in brain dev | 1. neural induction 2. proliferation 3. migration 4. differentiation 5. synaptogenesis 6. cell death/stabilisation 7. synaptic rearrangement |
| neural induction | - Day 18-24 - Genetically determined - Neural tube forms - Neural patterning = cells acquire diff identities + dimensions |
| proliferation | - Day 24-125 - Gene determined - Cells prod at 250 cells/min (stem cells, not differentiated) - Exponential growth stabilises arnd 125 day (mid pregnancy) - Single layer of cells = ventricular zone, forms along inside of tube |
| migration | - Cells migrate from bottom lvl of neural tube toward top lvl to final destinations - Layer 6 forms first even tho furthest away - Radial glial cells (specialised ) = scaffolding to help other cells migrate |
| differentiation | - Dy 125 post natal - Once in place, cells express partic genes to make partic proteins brain needs + acwuire distinctive feats (diffs in connectivity, neurotransmitter receptivity) - Transplanted immature cells take on characteristics of new area |
| synaptogenesis | - Neurons grow more axons + dendrites, adding synapses - Branches of tree sprawl out, arborisation - As axon grows = hits terminals of other cells + interact |
| cell death/stabilisation | - sculptor - Initial surge in synaptic growth = too much, declines aftr first year - Process of cell death = biological pruning to bring balance |
| synaptic rearrangement | - Early = axons reach widely + as much as possible, form diffuse pattern - Rearrangement = active synapses strengthened, not active = weaker - Left w more focused pattern of synaptic contact |
| ccortical grey matter | Rapid increase in production + stabilizes after 2 yrs |
| cortical white matter | Growth increase linearly, more slower than grey matter |
| childhood | - Rapid postnatal growth of cortical grey matter over first 2 yrs, exponensh white matter ovr childhd + ado - 1st year = double size - 2nd year = 80% of adult size |
| adolescence | - Higher ratio of white to grey matter - Dec of synaptic connection at dendrite (grey matter), neural pruning (first =occ/par, then temp/fro) - Incr in axon mye (white matter) (speed) - Funct connect btwn PFC + subcort structs not stab until mid 20s |
| functional connectivity | - study of dependence btwn diff regions to fulfill function |
| imbalance model of brain dev | - Asymmetry of dev of funct connect across diff lobes ○ Can characterise diff stages of dev by diff behavs - Somerville + casey 2010 |
| Somerville+ Casey 2010 | ○ Comp aff regions (limbic, ventral striatum) w cog ctrl regions (PFC) ○ Growth of funct connect dff across diff stages ○ Earlier + less complex parts mature quick - Aff = faster in childhood, reaches extreme in ado (greater rel on motiv + aff resps |
| environmental influences on brain dev | - prenatal = tobacco exp, maternal stress, maternal dep - postnatal = socioeconomic stat, poverty, neglect, family instability |
| prenatal tobacco exp | - Toxins in tobacco cross placental barrier - Dampen gene expresh + interfere w growth, myelination, migration -> alters struct + funct - Risk for mh + addiction |
| prenatal maternal stress | - Foetus exposed to cortisol = increase blood sugar, supresses immune syst - Impact on funct + struct connectivity w amygdala, PFC + HPA axis (hypothalamic, pituitary, adrenal axis) Increase risk for behav + mh probs later in life |
| prenatal maternal depression | - buss ea 2012 - Maternal cort lvls predict larger amyg in 7 yr old chil § Amyg vol partially mediated assosh btwn ,aternal cortisol + child affective probs - More cort = larger amyg, amyg overused - Gender diffs, > hyperresponsivity in girls Wu 24 |
| postnatal socio economic status | - Higher SES = prolonged dev period, more effish cortical ntwrks - Lower SES = repeated activ of stress-related circuitry (amyg, medial frontal cort) = faster maturation of that area - faster ageing of entire body, glucocorticoid lvl + allostatic load |
| postnatal poverty | - Hair et al 2015 - life outcomes affthru toxic stress - 389 typ developing children/Ados aged 4-22 - Living blw pov line = 8-9% red in grey matter in frontal + temporal cortex + hippocamp Grey matter red expl 15-20% of income related ach gap |
| postnatal neglect | - Perry 2002 - Neglected children = mean frontal-occipital circumf below 5th percentile + enlarged ventricles (sign of aging) - Brain size improbed when child removed from neglec + reassessed after 1 yr in fostering |
| postnatal family instability | - Trauma + unstable family = higher connect in emosh brain areas - Houehold instability = white matter chng in regions linked to self-reg - Single parents = higher stuct connec btwn isthmus cingulate cortex (mem) + peri-calcarine cort (emosh process) |
| retrogenesis | - brain structs decline in reverse order of how devd - structs maturing earlier = more robust to ageing (prim sens cort) compd to those maturing later (frontal cort) - grey matt in PFC dec arnd 5%/dec from 20 onwrds |
| compensatory brain activity | - HAROLD + PASA model - comp due to lack of normal activ - older adults gen overrecruit brain regs during cog tasks to offset declining neural effish - over activ of visual cort = strat to atten overprepare |
| HAROLD model | - hemispheric reduction in older adults model - increases bilateral recruitment of prefrontal areas (eg working mem tasks) - earlier exec funct = more lateralised. as matter increases, compensation = bilateral recruitment of both hems |
| PASA model | - posterior anterior shift in aging model - PFC = overrecruited to help w decline in prim vis areas - zhang et al 2017 = red in posterir + incr in frontal connect in older age during episodic mem task |
| self control | - Abil to resist emptation and override impuls respons in order to behav consistently w long term goals - Overriding/inhib automatic habitual or innate behavs, urges, emoshes or desires that would otherwise interfere w goal directed behav |
| top down vs bottom up processing | - Top d = abstract, rational, goal-directed behav - Cerebral cortex, prefrontal cortex (dlpfc) - Bottom up = reflexive, environmentally triggered, emotionally driven ○ Brainstem, basal ganglia (ventral striatum), limbic system (amyg + hypothal |
| successful self reg | - top down syst overrides incl of bottom up syst - PFC exerts ctrl over subort structs (reward, threat processing) |
| self reg failure | - top ctrl is diminished - favouring of reward/threat systems |
| kim et al 2020, dietary self ctrl | - Struct MRI scans of cortical thickenss + volume in those dieting - Thinner thickness of PFC predicted lower dietary self ctrl - Higher vol of amyg = lower abyl to do self ctrl in dieting |
| ventral striatum | - Contains nucleus accumbens - Reward, reinforcement, addict - Receives input from amyg, hippcamp, Ventral tegmental area |
| nucleus accumbens | - hub, connects many signals - lopez et al 2014 = nucleus accumbens activ predicts.... |
| lopez et al 2014, nucleus accumbens activ | - fmri - partips presented w food images - 1 ek self rport of food desires - higher nuc acc activation to food cues predicted stronger food desires, higher enactment of des, higher amnts eaten |
| balance model of self ctrl | - self ctrl failures = imbalance in reward + exec ctrl systs - lopex et al 2017 = compute measure of ratio of strength of both, look at ratio + relate to self ctrl behav |
| lopez et al 2017, balance model | - paradigm triggering self ctrl or lack thereof - chronic dieters: fMRI when viewing food cues + 1 wk self report of giving in/resisting food desires - activity = balance in ctrl systs (dlPFC) + reward syst (ventral striatum) |
| Kober et al 2010, cognitive strategy | fMRI using cog strats to reg cravings for cigs, food images - partips = smoker - cog strat = thinking abt LT conseq of consum > signif red cravings - downreg of cravings = increased activ in PFC, dec in ventral striatum, amyg, ventral tegmental area |
| smaller sooner vs larger later rewards | - pref for s = higher impuls, impatience, poorer school perform, incr sub abuse - anandakumar et al 2018 |
| Anandakumar et al 2018, smaller sooner vs larger later | - resting state fMRI - greater connect btwn cortical reg within cog ctrl systs = likely larger later (dlPFC, dACC, superior frontal cort) - greater connect w limbic syst = smaller sooner (amyg, medial orbitofrontal cort) |
| modifying brain activity in self ctrl | - rTMS = Figner et al, 2010 - tDCS = nejati et al 2018, gilmore et al 2017 - meditation = tang et al 2013 - prayer = galanter et al 2015 |
| impulsivity | - Behav driven by immediate urges + executed w/o thoughtful deliberation or app regard to consequence |
| McDonals et al 2017, lesions | - 131 veterans w traumatic brain inj - damage to PFC assoc w incr impuls limitations w lesion - global change, diff areas affected in diff individs - neuroplas = after inj, brain areas adapt so funct can still occur |
| rTMS | - repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation - creates temp lesion effect - mag field produced by 2 coils, introduc electric field in person's head - no phys change neuron, change properties for some change (neuronal excitability incr or dec) - |
| figner et al 2010, rTMS | - rTMS to left lateral PFC - offered smaller sooner of larger later - decided to go for reward sooner |
| tDCS | - transcranial direct current stimulation - electrodes on scalp over regions of int, signals travel from red pos ot blue neg - current increases excitability in one part, dec excitabil in another |
| nejati et al 2018, tDCS | - Measured inhib= go/no go task - See plane must react, but if hear beep don’t react - Activated left dlPFC w tDCS - Improved acc of no-go resp (measure of inhib) - Increased reaction time -> top down |
| gilmore et al 10§7, tDCS | - risk taking, partips given risk task (choose whether winning token hidden in red/blue box, less likely option = higher reward) - tDCS made less risky choices than sham group - risk reduction persisted at 1 + 2 mth follow up |
| tang et al 2013, meditation + self ctrl | - resting state fMRI = smokers + non - smokers = lower activ in self ctrl areas (ACC + PFC) - 2 wks of meditation vs relaxation ctrl - 60% red in smoking, increased activ in ACC + PFC |
| galanter et al 2015, prayer + reduced craving | - alc cues diplayed to praying + nonpraying AA membs (+ 2 yrs) - stimd w prayer stimuli, ctrl = news story - presented alc based imgs - prayer cond = less self rep cravs - activ in fro + temp cort areas, default mode ntwrk, (self-related cog, emo rea |
| marshmallow test | Michel's fam study of delayed grat, 1 marsh now or 3 in 10 - casey et al 2011 = track same children 40 yrs later - inhib ctrl task (go/nogo) - success as children = pref recuited PFC as adults, unsuccesful as child = ventral strat |
| imbalance model | - somerville + casey 2010 = affective regions mature faster - casey 2013 |
| casey 2013, imbalance model | - go no go task - ado performed = to adults - if emosh info present acc diminished - emotionally stim = contra to waht want to do (not supposed to press smiling face but couldnt hold back) |
| galvan et al 2006, imbalance model | fMRI of children, ados, adults - 3 cues assocw diff sized rwrd (small, med, large) - cue on eithr side, button to press - ado = stronger nuc accum activ to rewards comp to chil or adults, frontal regs activ = sim to children - |
Created by:
melissa.sjolin