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BI102 End
E5 Resp & Circ Sys
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gas exchange | Occurs across specialized respiratory surf Supplies O2 for cell respiration and disposes of CO2 Large, moist respiratory surfaces req Occurs by diffusion Lungs: respiratory organs w/ huge SA for gas exchange |
| Lungs | Spongy organs in thoracic cavity Honeycombed w/ moist epithelium Branching ducts convey air to respiratory surf Capillaries facilitate gas exchange Covered by cilia & mucus |
| Mucus | traps particulate contaminants |
| Cilia | keep mucus moving toward pharynx |
| Breathing | Ventilates lungs Alt of inhalation & exhalation Neg pressure pulls air into lungs due to changes in vol of chest cavity Sur tension b/w layers couples mvment of rib cage to mvment of lungs |
| Partial pressure gradients in gas transport | Gases diffuse down pressure gradients in lungs and other organs/tissues (Higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure region) gases diffuse down pressure gradients O2 and CO2 diffuse from where their partial pressures are higher to where theyre lower |
| Breathing | Involuntary mechs cntrl most breathing Control centers located in medulla oblongata w aiding pons Sensors in aorta and carotid arteries |
| Hemoglobin | Respiratory pigment of almost all vertebrates contained in erythrocytes (RBC) Reversibly binds O2, loaded in lungs & unloaded in other body parts 4 Iron binds 4O2 |
| Hemoglobin | Helps transport CO2 assists in buffering blood pH CO2 transport: diffuses into blood plasma from respiring tissues then into erythrocytes and is ultimately released in lungs |
| Arteries | Carry blood away from heart to capillaries Branch into arterioles |
| Veins | Return blood from capillaries to heart Branch into venules |
| Capillaries | Sites of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid |
| Double circulation | Powerful four-chambered heart is adaptation of endothermic way of life Characteristic of mammals and birds Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit Left side pumps & receives only Oxygen-Rich blood Right side receives and pumps only Oxygen-Poor blood |
| Double circulation | 1)RV pumps deoxygenated bld to lungs v/ pulmon artery, load O2 & unload CO2 2)Oxygen-rich bld from lungs enter heart @ LA v/pulmon veins 3)Bld from LA enter LV & pumped to bdy T v/ aorta & arteries 4)Bld returns to heart thru RA v/ ant & post vena cava |
| Heart valves | Prevent backflow of blood, dictate one-way flow of blood thru heart Atrioventricular valves: b/w each atrium & ventricle Semilunar valves: b/w L. ventricle / aorta and R. ventricle and pulmonary artery Murmur: leaking of valve |
| Cardiac cycle | One complete seq of pumping (contraction and relaxation) Ventricle (pumping) phase Systole: contraction (pumping) phase Diastole: relaxation (filling) phase Blood pressure = systolic / diastolic; e.g., 120/70 |
| Heart rate/pulse (parameters) | # of beats per minute Cardiac output: volume of blood pumped into systemic circulation per min Avg = 5 liters / minute Volume pumped can be 5x higher during exercise |
| Sinoatrial (SA) node | "Pacemaker” Sets rate & timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract Impulse: causes atria to contract, then travels to atrioventricular (AV) node |
| AV node | Delayed impulses that travel via the bundle branches and Purkinje fibers to ventricles, causing contraction |
| Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | Records cardiac cycle impulses Pacemaker is infl by nerves, hormones, body temperature, and exercise |
| Vessel structure | Arteries/arterioles (thick walls) and veins/venules (thinner-walls) have 3 layers Capillaries only have inner endothelial layer + basement membr, very narrow for single file mvm of RBC |
| Blood pressure | Determined by Cardiac output Contraction of arterioles incr resistance -Controlled by nerve impulses, hormones, etc. -Triggered by physical & emotional stress |
| Systolic pressure | Pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole HIGHEST pressure in arteries Top number in blood pressure reading |
| Diastolic pressure | Pressure in the arteries during diastole Lower than systolic pressure Bottom number in blood pressure reading (divided by systolic pressure) |
| Regulate the distribution of blood in capillary beds | 1. contraction of the smooth muscle layer in the wall of an arteriole constricts the vessel 2. precapillary sphincters control the flow of blood b/w arterioles and venules |
| Bulk flow | b/w cells governed by difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure Drives fl out of capillaries at the arteriole end and into capillaries @ venule end ~85% of fl lost at arteriole end is recovered at venule end |
| Lymphatic system | Recovers fl from tissue not recovered by venules Aids in body defense Transport of fats to circ sys Lymph capillaries collect fl, drains into circ sys at vena cava Lymph nodes filter lymph WBC sample lymph for foreign invaders |
| Blood | C.t. Exchange. transport, and defense Liquid matrix (plasma) Cell types |
| Leukocytes (white blood cells) | Fight infection / foreign invaders Monocytes: phagocytosis Neutrophils: phagocytosis Basophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes: T and B cells; specific immune response |
| Cellular elements of blood | Wear out & replaced constantly thru/out a person's life Arise from pluripotent stem c in bone marrow Erythropoetin stim erythocyte prod Low O2 - EPO incr by kidney High O2 - EPO decr |
| Blood clotting | Formed by conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin via a multistep process Prothrombin -> Thrombin, which turns Fibrinogen -> Fibrin |
| Cardiovascular disease | Disorders of the heart and the blood vessels Hypertension high BP promotes atherosclerosis Hypercholestrolemia Myocardial infarcation Stroke |
| Atherosclerosis | caused by the buildup of cholesterol within arteries, Enhances platelet adhesion and clotting |
| Myocardial infarcation / heart attack | Death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries |
| Stroke | Death of nervous tissue in the brain Results from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head |
| Female reproductive | External structures - 2 sets of labia surround clitoris & vaginal opening Internal organs - Pair of gonads (ovaries) Sys of ducts & chambers: conduct gametes & house embryo & fetus |
| Endometrium | Uterus lining |
| Vagina | Thin-walled chamber Repository for sperm during copulation Birth canal Opens to outside @ vulva, which includes hymen, vestibule, labia minora, labia majora, & clitoris |
| Ovaries | Female gonads; lie in the abdominal cavity Enclosed in a tough protective capsule, which contains many follicles |
| Ovulation | Expulsion of egg c from follicle Remaining follicular T in ovary forms corpus luteum to secr hormones depending on pregnancy Egg c released into ab cavity near oviduct/fallopian tube opening Cilia convey egg to uterus |
| Male reproductive | External reproductive organs - scrotum and penis Internal organs – gonads (testes): prod sperm and hormones. Also accessory glands |
| Oogenesis vs. spermatogenesis | 1. Unequal cytokinesis during meiotic divisions of oogenesis Almost all cytoplasm monopolized by single daughter cell 2. Sperm prod cont' thru/out male’s life unlike oogenesis 3. Oogenesis has long “resting” periods Sperm prod uninterrupted seq |
| Testes | Made up of seminiferous tubules Where sperm is produced Leydig cells: prod androgens & testosterone Held outside abdominal cavity in scrotum |
| Leydig cells | Prod androgens & testosterone in testes |
| Penis | Composed of three cylinders of spongy erectile tissue During sexual arousal, erectile tissue fills w/ blood from arteries, resulting internal pressure seals off draining veins |
| Seminal vesicles | Male accessory organ Contribute about 60% of total volume of semen Alkaline fluid stimulates sperm to swim |
| Prostate gland | Male accessory organ Secretes prod directly into urethra thru several small ducts |
| Bulbourethral gland | Male accessory organ Secr clear mucus before ejaculation Buffer neutralizes acidic urine remaining in urethra |
| Menstrual cycles | Endometrium shed from uterus in a bleeding event (menstrual flow) Sexual receptivity is not limited to a specific timeframe |
| Estrous cycles | Endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus Sexual receptivity is limited to a “heat” period |
| Ovarian cycle | changes in ovaries (follicles, hormones) |
| Uterine cycle | changes in uterus (menstrual cycle); controlled by events of ovarian cycle |
| 5 hormones involved in female reproductive cycle | GnRH ( gonadotropin releasing hormone) , FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), Estrogen, Progesterone |
| Ovarian cycle | GnRH from hypothalamus causes FSH/LH release from ant pit, resulting in follicle growth Estrogen from follicle incr LH surge follows + induces follicular maturation Triggers ovulation |
| Luteal phase (post-ovulation) | LH stimulates corpus luteum form & estrogen / progesterone secr Estrogen & Progesterone inhibit FSH/LH secr (- feedback) Disintegration of corpus luteum (no preg) releases (- feedback) |
| Uterine (menstrual) cycle | Follicular/menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase - coordinated w/ follicular phase, thickening due to incr estrogen Secretory phase - cont maintenance of endometrium & secr of nut fl |
| GnRH | Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Prod in hypothalamus, starts FSH & LH prod in anterior pituitary gland |
| FSH | Causes about 25 oocytes to begin to develop into primary follicles and eventually into secondary follicles Prod estrogen to maintain female traits & prompt pituitary to prod LH abt 9 days into cycle |
| LH | Stim ovulation (release of the ovum from the ovary) abt 14 days into cycle Ovum consists of an egg surrounded by a protective layer called the corona Outer follicle wall remains in the ovary and dvl into corpus luteum |
| Corpus luteum | Secr Progesterone & Estrogen for 12 days to maintain endometrium (lining of uterus) in case of pregnancy, and prevent LH & FSH production Birth cntrl mimics effects as long as body doesn’t make more LH & FSH, the next ovulation will not occur. |
| No fertilized egg | Corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone and estrogen levels drop, and menstrual flow begins LH & FSH no longer inhibited and cycle starts over |
| Yes fertilized egg | Corpus luteum cont to prod progesterone & estrogen for 3 months under control of hCG made by baby P&E presences prevent menstruation After 3 months placenta prod own P&E Pregnancy tests work by determining if hCG is present in a woman’s urine/ blood |
| Male reproductive | GnRH from hypothalamus regulates FSH & LH release from ant pit FSH acts on Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules, promoting spermatogenesis LH stims Leydig cells to make testosterone, which in stim sperm prod |
| hCG | Hormone prod by placenta after implantation to maintain pregnancy, support progesterone prod, and signal body to stop menstruation |
| Menopause | Cessation of ovulation / menstruation after ~450 cycles (ages 46-54) Not occur in most animal species Not fully understood Loss of ovary responsiveness to FSH / LH Decline in estrogen production |
| Leydig cells | prod testosterone & other androgens r responsible for primary & secondary sex characteristics of men in testes Androgen secretion & sperm production cntrl by hypothalamic & pituitary hormones |
| Conception | Seminiferous tubules -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> urethra -> penis -> vagina -> uterus -> oviduct <- coelom <- follicle |
| First trimester | Radical change for mother & embryo Embryo obtains nuts from endometrium Trophoblast invades endometrium & forms placenta allows diff b/w maternal / embryonic circ Prov nut, gas exchange & waste disposal Organogenesis - dev of body org |
| Dvl of Embryo | 0 days - Zygote (fertilized egg) 3-4 days - Morula (solid ball of 16 c) 5 days - Blastocyst (hollow ball of c w/ an inner cell mass) Embryonic stem c come 6-7 days - trophoblast (outer layer of blastocyst) implants in endometrium of uterus |
| Form of Embryo | Inner c mass of blastocyst becomes embryo Outer ring of c (trophoblast) becomes placenta, and helps embryo attach to endometrium, GnRH secr 14 days - Gastrula; Ectoderm (outside), Mesoderm (middle), and Endoderm (inside) |
| Early Embryo | 15-25 days - Neural groove (potential nerv sys), Somites (segments), and bilateral symmetry have appeared 4 weeks - Embryo is 5mm long w/ tail. Brain, eyes, lungs, liver, and limb buds begin to form, Heartbeat starts, Placenta complete |
| Fetal circulation | Blood from embryo travels to placenta via umbilical arteries, returns via umbilical vein |
| Fetus Dvl | 8 weeks - Fetus is 3 cm long & moves by reflex Bones & major BV form 3 months - Fetus is 6 cm long & all major organ sys form Placenta begins to prod own progesterone & estrogen to prevent menstruation |
| Second Trimester | Fetus grows; is very active HCG declines, corpus luteum deteriorates Placenta takes over progesterone secr |
| Third Trimester | 4mnths - fetus is 16cm long & covered w downy hair Ultrasound can determine sex 7mnths - fetus is 30-40 cm long w/ 10% chance Cerebral cortex (thinking part) differentiates & functional org sys 8mnths - 50% chance 9mnths - 50 cm long and 95% chance |
| Fraternal Twins (not identical) | 2 diff eggs fertilized by 2 diff sperm |
| Identical Twins | Genetically same & same sex One fertilized egg dvls but splits @ morula stage or earlier. Totipotent stem cells |
| Preemies | Risks include: Underdeveloped lungs, may need to be on respirator Small size and underdeveloped muscles may not allow them suckle and feed themselves; may need to be fed intravenously |
| Oxytocin | From fetus and mothers posterior pituitary Stims uterus to contract and placenta to make Prostaglandin |
| Prostaglandin | Stims more cotnractions of uterus Comes from Oxytocin - |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr