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HW - Ch 11BMEDTERM
Due: Mon Apr 20, 2026 11:59pm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| electrolyte | mineral salt of the body that carries an electrical charge and regulates nerve impulses, muscle contractions, hydration and blood pH |
| filtrate | fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into Bowman Capsule |
| nitrogenous waste | product of protein metabolism that includes urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine and ammonia |
| peristaltic wave | sequence of rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow |
| peritoneum | serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity |
| pH | symbol that expresses the alkalinity or acidity of a solution |
| plasma | liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved wastes |
| left and right kidneys | are about the size of a fist and located in the abdominal cavity slightly above the waistline |
| retroperitoneal | location of kidneys because they are located outside of the peritoneum |
| renal cortex | outer area |
| renal medulla | middle area |
| nephrons | filtering unit for the kidneys |
| hilum (hilus) | a deep vertical fissure located on the medial concave border of the kidney, acting as the gateway (hilus) for vital structures to enter and exit, including the renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvis, nerves, and lymphatics |
| renal artery | enters |
| renal vein | exits |
| urine carrying waste products enter the | renal pelvis (a hollow cavity) |
| ureter | hollow cavity (renal pelvis) where the ureter merges with the kidney |
| peristaltic waves | keep using following toward the bladder, rather than regurgitating back into the kidney during urination |
| ureteral orifice | urine enters the bladder here |
| urinary bladder | expandable organ, acts as a temporary reservoir for urine |
| rugae | small folds that expand as the bladder fills |
| trigone | at its base, the two openings of the ureters and the urethra form a triangular area that leads into the urethra |
| urethra | a tube that discharges urine from the bladder |
| micturition | urination |
| urinary meatus | opening in the urethra |
| composed of a tuft of capillaries called the glomerulus and a modified, enlarged extension of the renal tubule known as the Bowman (glomerular) capsule that surrounds the glomerulus | renal corpuscle |
| Bowman capsule | surrounds the glomerulus |
| afferent arteriole | carries blood to the glomerulus |
| efferent arteriole | carries blood from the glomerulus |
| peritubular capillaries | a network of capillaries that surround the renal tubule |
| renal tubule consists of four sections | proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule and collecting tubule |
| proximal convoluted tubule | responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65–80% of water, electrolytes (sodium, chloride), and nearly all glucose and amino acids from the urinary filtrate |
| loop of Henle | a U-shaped portion of the nephron in the kidney that spans the medulla, essential for concentrating urine and reducing water loss |
| distal tubule | a short, mitochondria-rich segment of the kidney nephron located between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct |
| collecting tubule | the final segment of a nephron in the kidney, responsible for the final concentration and transport of urine. It collects filtrate from multiple nephrons, regulating water and electrolyte balance |
| reabsorption | begins as filtrate travels through the long, twisted pathway of the tubule |
| secretion | final stage of urine formation |
| anuria | absence of urine production or output |
| bladder neck obstruction (BNO) | blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra |
| cystocele | prolapsing displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between the bladder and vagina |
| end-stage renal disease (ESRD) | any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival |
| enuresis | involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence |
| fistula | abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another |
| hydronephrosis | abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys caused by pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow path an obstruction in the urinary tract |
| interstitial cystitis | chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy |
| nephrotic syndrome | loss of large amounts of plasma proteins, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane |
| neurogenic bladder | impairment of bladder control as a result of brain, spinal cord, or nerve damage |
| polycystic kidney disease (PKD) | inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys |
| pyelonephritis | infection of kidney, usually the result of an infection that begins in the urethra or bladder and ascends the ureters to the kidney |
| urgency | sensation of the need to void immediately |
| UTI | infection, typically bacterial origin, in any part of the urinary tract, including kidneys, bladder or urethra |
| vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) | disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually as a result of impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter |
| Wilms tumor | rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney that usually occurs in children; also called nephroblastoma |
| peritone | peritoneum |
| retro/peritone/al | pertaining to the backwards of the peritoneum |
| urology | branch of medicine concerned with urinary disorders and disease of the male reproductive system |
| urologist | the physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary disorders |
| nephrology | diseases of the kidney, electrolyte imbalance, renal transplantation, and dialysis therapy. |
| nephrologists | physicians who practice in nephrology |
| glomerulonephritis | an inflammation of the glomerular membrane in the nephrons causing it to become "leaky" (permeable) |
| permeable | leaky |
| proteinuria | RBC and protein pass through the inflamed glomerular membrane and enter the tubule |
| hematuria | blood in urine |
| bacteruria | bacteria in the urine |
| hypertension | high BP |
| colic | throbbing pain |
| refluxes | flows backwards |
| ESWL (extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy) | treatment where pulverizing the stone using concentrated ultrasound shock waves, generated from a machine outside the body |
| PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) | small incision through the skin to create an opening into the kidney to remove the stone |
| lithotriptor | if stone is large, surgeon breaks it into smaller fragments using an ultrasonic or electro hydraulic probe |
| nephrostomy | a tube used to drain urine from the kidney during the healing process |
| ATN (acute tubular necrosis) | tubular portion of the nephron is injured after the ingestion of toxic drugs |
| nephrotoxic ATN | ingestion of toxic drugs |
| hypercalcemia | excessive blood levels of calcium |
| TURBT (transurethral resection of bladder tumor) | high-energy laser using a device passed through the urethra to destroy malignant tissue |
| surgery combined with treatments that stimulate the immune response | biological therapy; immunotherapy |
| glomerulus | |
| Bowman capsule | |
| afferent arteriole | |
| efferent arteriole | |
| peritubular capillary | |
| proximal convoluted tubule | |
| loop of henle | |
| loop of henle (descending) | |
| loop of henle (ascending) | |
| distal tubule | |
| collecting tubule | |
| right kidney | |
| left kidney | |
| renal cortex | |
| renal medulla | |
| hilum | |
| renal artery | |
| renal vein | |
| renal pelvis | |
| ureter | |
| ureters | |
| ureteral orifice | |
| urinary bladder | |
| urethra | |
| urinary meatus | |
| adrenal (suprarenal) glands | |
| inferior vena cava | |
| abdominal aorta | |
| renal pyramid | |
| renal cortex | |
| renal medulla | |
| inferior vena cava | |
| antibiotics | ciprofloxacin; treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes. sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim; type of antibiotic prescribed depends on the infecting organism and the type and extent |
| antispasmodics | tolterodine, solifenacin; decrease spasm in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls. |
| diuretics | furosemide; promote and increase the excretion of urine. spironolactone; are grouped by their action and are used to treat edema, BP, HF, and various renal and hepatic diseases |
| potassium supplements | potassium chloride; replace potassium after depletion caused by diuretics, dietary sources of potassium are usually not sufficient to replace potassium loss caused by diuretics |
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