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Final Geomorph quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Material/sediment that moves downslope without the aid of flowing water is | colluvium |
| What is the ability of material on a slope to resist downslope stresses is? | shear strength |
| Shear strength is a function of | pore pressure, cohesion, normal force |
| Particle size and shape affect shear strength and this is expressed mathematically as part of | internal friction angle |
| The normal stress between grains on a slope can be effectively reduced by what? | pore pressure |
| Dry, loose sand has a cohesion of _____ kPa, while clay may have a cohesion of around _________ kPa, depending on conditions. | 0, 100 |
| Where do Positive pore pressures occur? | in the phreatic zone |
| The diffusive process that is especially important in areas with less vegetative cover, and moves sediment both up and down the slope, but with net downslope movement is | rainsplash |
| Mass wasting can be categorized as a _______ if there is no failure plane and it behaves in a viscous manner | flow |
| Mass wasting can be categorized as a _______ if there is motion along a well-defined surface. | slide |
| Mass wasting can be categorized as a _______ if the material maintains little contact with the underlying slope. | fall |
| Factor of safety is | shear strength over shear stress |
| "Pistol butt" trees are formed as a result of what? | soil creep and vertical velocity gradient |
| A rapid flow with < 40% water content is a: | slurry |
| A rotational "slide" in which material is translated almost intact is what? | slump |
| A dry flow in which fragmented rock moves rapidly downslope is what? | rock avalanche |
| A model for slope stability that assumes a mass on a perfect, uniform plane and ignores lateral effects is what? | infinite-slope model |
| Rotational slope stability can be modeled with? | method of slices |
| Where soil production rates exceed the average downslope transport rates, the slope is called? | transport-limited |
| Slopes that are convex in profile or cross-section tend to be __________ when looking at them in map or plan view. | divergent |
| Barrier island migration is often driven by storm events and their deposits, which often project into the backside of the barrier. These deposits are known as | overwash |
| A landform produced when a stream enters an area of weak tides and low wave energy | birdfoot delta |
| A feature that develops around tidal inlets in barrier island systems as a result of tidal water moving into the lagoon is | flood tidal delta |
| A feature that starts as a fringing reef, often around a volcano, that then grows upward as the volcano within it sinks is a(n) | atoll |
| Presque Isle is a long extension of a beach produced by | Longshore drift |
| An estuary in a submerged, U-shaped glacial valley is a(n) | fjord |
| Partially enclosed (usually shallow) bodies of water behind spits on barrier islands are | lagoons |
| The area between mean high water level and mean low water level that also experiences swash is the | foreshore |
| An engineering structure that projects from the shoreline into the sea and that is intended to disrupt longshore drift is | groin |
| As waves approach a protruding headland they experience shallow depths near the headland and greater depths away from the headland resulting in | wave refraction and formation of sea stacks |
| After a wave breaks it runs up the beach face at an oblique angle (the angle of incidence) and then runs straight down the beach face in a process that produces | longshore drift, spits, and baymouth bars |
| Waves break in the ________ zone. | surf |
| TRUE or FALSE: Ocean waves are merely water columns moving in circular motion with nearly no net motion. | True |
| Gently sloping, finer-grained beaches tend to produce | spilling breakers |
| When waves shoal, the wave orbitals become | elliptical |
| When the wave base runs into the seafloor waves begin to steepen as part of a process called | shoaling |
| The depth below which waves no longer induce water motion is called | wave base |
| Regularly spaced ocean waves that have been sorted by wave dispersion are called | swell |
| The distance that wind blows across the water surface is __________. | fetch |
| Around the time of a quarter moon, the high tides would be _______ than average, and the low tides would be ________ than average. | lower, higher |
| Lagoons/estuaries are _______ for sediment. | sinks |
| Deep ocean settings generally have most sediment sourced from where | dead photic zone organisms |
| Ocean trenches, narrow continental shelves, and often volcanoes are found in | active margins |
| Wide, low relief continental shelves are found in | passive margins |
| Coasts submerged by local marine transgression are | submergent |
| An example of a coast exposed by local marine regression would be | wave-cut terrace |
| The submerged portion of continental crust is | continental shelf |
| The study of seafloor elevation and relief is | bathymetry |
Created by:
JackPitt