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anatomy test 3
PART THREE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is henry's law? | - a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is directly proportional at equilibrium to its partial pressure above the liquid |
| what is dalton's law? | a law stating that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases in a fixed volume is equal to the sum of the pressures that would be exerted by each gas alone in the same volume. |
| what is partial pressure? | in a mixture of gases, partial pressure of a gas = pressure that said gas would exert if it occupied the container by itself |
| what is the composition of air? | 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen .93% argon .04 carbon dioxide |
| how is oxygen transported in the blood? | 98.5% of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin Hemoglobin can carry up to four oxygen molecules per molecule 1.5% of oxygen is dissolved in plasma |
| what is the difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin? | oxyhemoglobin- is hemoglobin bound to oxygen, facilitating oxygen transport in the blood. deoxyhemoglobin- hemoglobin that has released its oxygen, making it ready to pick up more oxygen. |
| what factors influence hemoglobin's ability to bind to oxygen? | pO2- higher= increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen CO2 and pH- increased CO2 lower blood pH making it more acidic. hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases in acidic temperature- Higher temp reduce affinity BPG- elevated levels reduce affinity |
| how is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? | dissolved in plasma- 7% of total carbaminohemoglobin-23% CO2 binds to amino groups of globin bicarbonate ions- 70% of total Bicarbonate acts as a buffer and is more soluble, neutralizing excess acids in the blood |
| what is the chloride shift? | the exchange of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and chloride (Cl-) ions across RBC membrane. When CO2 enters RBC's it is converted to bicarbonate, increasing bicarb. levels inside the cell. Cl moves into the RBC's from the plasma to maintain electrical neutrality |
| what is the difference between internal and external respiration? | external- gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood internal- gas exchange between the blood and the tissues |
| describe pH imbalances of the blood- respiratory acidosis | condition where the body accumulates too much carbon dioxide. Blood pH too acidic (below 7.35) lungs can't remove enough CO2 due to shallow breathing common causes include COPD, asthma symptoms-confusion, fatigue, shortness of breath, and headache |
| describe pH imbalances of the blood- respiratory alkalosis | condition characterized by elevated blood pH due to decreased carbon dioxide levels (above 7.45) often results from hyperventilation- increased respiration reduces the arterial levels of carbon dioxide symptoms: dizziness, tingling in the extremities |
| describe the control of ventilation by the respiratory center respiratory center= in brain, in the medulla oblongata and pons | medullary respiratory/ rhythmicity center- has two nuclei-> Ventral resp. Group (VRG)- pacemaker. sends impulses to breathing muscles 12-15/ a minute dorsal respiratory group pontline centers-control breathing during speech, exercise, deep inspiration |
| what are chemoreceptors? | specialized cells that detect changes in chemical composition in the blood. They primarily monitor levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and pH. they regulate breathing rate and depth |
| what are the aortic and carotid bodies? | Both structures are chemoreceptors that monitor blood chemistry, particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. aortic-near the aorta carotid- division of the carotid arteries (neck) |
| what kind of chemoreceptors are found where? | Central chemoreceptors are located in the medullary respiratory center and respond mainly to CO2 levels. Peripheral chemoreceptors are found in the carotid and aortic bodies, sensing O2 and CO2 levels. |
| what is the Hering-Breuer reflex? | prevents lung over-inflation and signals a stop to inspiration stimulation of lung stretch receptors results in inhibition of the inspiratory center |
Created by:
emma.thornton