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Final Exam
sociology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| quantitative research | data collected in numerical form that can be counted and analyzed using statistics |
| qualitative research | non-numerical, descriptive data that is often subjective and based on what is experienced in a natural setting |
| ascribed status | a status you’re born with or have no control over. |
| achieved status | the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income agricultural societies |
| labeling | attaching a tag or identity to someone |
| direct socialization | something that happens to you personally |
| indirect socialization | something you learn by watching others |
| sanctions | rewards or punishments used to enforce social norms |
| formal sanctions | official consequence or reward given by people in authority. |
| informal sanctions | non-official reward or punishment from everyday people. |
| dominant group | a group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups |
| sub oriented group | a group of people who have less power than the dominant group |
| stereotypes | oversimplified ideas about groups of people |
| prejudice | biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people |
| individual discrimination | when one person personally acts in a biased or unfair way toward another person because of their identity. |
| microaggressions | Everyday small, subtle comments or actions that may be unintentional but still show bias or stereotypes toward a group of people. |
| institutional discrimination | Unfair treatment of people that is built into the policies, rules, or practices of organizations and institutions, causing unequal outcomes for different groups. |
| redlining | A form of discrimination where banks or lenders deny loans or services to people in certain neighborhoods, often based on race or ethnicity, rather than individual qualifications. |
| sex | a term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females |
| gender identity | a person’s deeply held internal perception of one's gender |
| gender expression | How a person shows their gender outwardly, such as through clothing, behavior, hairstyle, voice, or mannerisms. |
| sexuality | a person’s capacity for sexual feelings |
| intersex | people born with sex characteristics (including genitals, gonads and chromosome patterns) that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies. |
| transgender | an adjective that describes individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are other than their biological sex |
| gender binary | A gender identity for people who do not identify exclusively as male or female. |
| lesbian | a women who's attracted to another woman |
| gay | a person who is attracted to people of the same gender (often used for men) |
| Bisexual | A person who is attracted to more than one gender |
| Asexual | a person who experiences little to no sexual attraction to others. |
| sexism | the prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another |
| gender inequality | Unequal treatment or opportunities between genders caused by society-wide systems and institutions. |
| external factors | Changes that come from outside a society or group that can influence or cause social change, such as new technologies or inventions. |
| neoliberalism | A political and economic idea that supports free markets, less government control, and privatization of services to encourage economic growth. |
| Overton window | The range of ideas or policies that are seen as acceptable or normal to the public at a given time. |
| social movenemt | a purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal |
| special interest groups | Organizations that try to influence government decisions and public policy to benefit a specific cause, industry, or group of people. |
| lobbying | when individuals or groups try to influence government officials or policies |
| ethnocentrism | The belief that your own culture or group is better than others, and judging other cultures by the standards of your own. |
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