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Microbio L17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Skin | Barrier organs |
| Epidermis | outer, many layers of dead cells, mostly keratinocytes |
| Dermis | middle, small blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, immune cells, some nerve endings |
| Subcutaneous: | lower, large blood vessels, nerves, fat and muscle |
| 3 Skin defenses | Keratin: waterproofing, hard for microbes to break down Melanin: UV protection, some antibacterial properties Perspiration: acidic, high salt, wash away, lysosome |
| Lesion: | any abnormality on the skin Caused by infections, cancers, various diseases, physical damage |
| Primary lesion | caused by a specific disease/cause |
| Secondary lesion | develops from a physical cause, or from a primary lesion u scratch and tear at a primary lesion, its gonna become a secondary lesion |
| Many infections of non-skin tissues still cause _____ | lesions |
| Primary Lesions (6) | 1. Vesicles 2. Macules 3. Papules 4. Pustules 5. Cysts 6. Maculopapular rash |
| Vesicles | small raised lesions fill with fluid |
| Macules | flat dislocation (like a rash) |
| Papules | raised and solid, not filled with liquid (like a wart) |
| Pustules | raised lesions filled with white/green liquid (pus) (like a zit) |
| Cysts | raised and fluid filled, but occur in deeper layers of the skin |
| Maculopapular rash- | small slightly raised papule lesions that overlay or are interspersed with macules |
| Chicken Pox | Caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV, herpes family) Spread via droplets, highly contagious Fever, itchy red vesicular rash (mostly on trunk) - Mild, potentially fatal for immune compromised Vaccine available |
| Shingles | VZV can go latent, hiding in nerve endings Once immune system is weakened, VZV reemerges Usually when elderly Shingles Use booster shots to keep immunity strong Localized painful rash, no fever |
| Post-herpetic neuralgia | chronic pain |
| Are chicken pox and shingles different? | NO. they the same |
| Smallpox | Caused by variola major virus Spray via droplets, highly contagious Vesicular and pustular rash on limbs (not trunk), high fever - Permanent scarring - 30% mortality Eradicated, vaccine exists |
| Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSC) | Caused by HSV1 and HSV2 Spread with shared fluid Vesicular lesions Can go latent, reactivated with stress Treated with antivirals |
| HSV1 | oral herpes (cold sores) |
| HSV2 | genital herpes (STD) |
| Measles | Caused by measles virus Spread via droplets, highly contagious Even before symptoms arise Fever, sore throat, Koplik spots, maculopapular rash Starts at face, then spreads |
| More on measles | Vaccine exists (MMR) ¼ requires hospitalization, 1 in 500 die Kills immune cells, immune amnesia Potential to induce blindness |
| Rubella | Caused by rubella virus Spread via droplets Mild maculopapular rash starting at face then spreading If pregnant and infected, leads to congenital disease in infant Stillbirth, blindness, deafness, developmental defects MMR vaccine |
| Acne | Clogged pores become anaerobic, sebum is nutritional Topical treatments reduce clogs and bacteria Oral retinoids reduce sebum Some light and heat therapies Biofilm formation so difficult to fully remove |
| Staph infections | Caused by staphylococcus aureus. CATALASE POSITIVE Part of normal microbiota, but can become pathogenic when skin is damaged |
| Cellulitis | dermal and fat infection, common in adults, macular rash with ulcer infections, oral antibiotics |
| Impetigo | epidermal infection, common in children, pustules and vesicles on face, topical antibiotics |
| Antibiotic resistant S. aureus | Lactums used to treat infections Some S. aureus is resistant (particularly to methicillin) MRSA So vancomycin used to treat MRSA |
| **Now some S. aureus is vancomycin resistant VRSA Very difficult to treat | |
| Strep skin infection | Streptococcus pyogenes (Gram+ sphere, CATALASE NEGATIVE) Can cause impetigo and cellulitis too |
| Necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) | Swelling, heat, red/black dying skin layers Treated with antibiotics and debridement 40% fatal |
| Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome | When toxins released into blood, organ failure Improper tampon usage |
| Pseudomonad Infections | Caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram- rod) Opportunistic pathogen, needs immunocompromised patient or existing wound Common in burn patients Ulcer with green tint Treated with antibiotics and debridement |
| Otisa externa (swimmers ear) | Outer ear infection Pus discharge from outer ear, pain Improper pool maintenance Treated with antibiotics and ear drainage |
| Gas Gangrene | Caused by clostridium perfringens (gram +) Tissue death, bad smell…. Caused by feet being wet for too long Only way to fix is amputation |
| Cutaneous Anthrax | Caused by B. anthracis (Gram+, spore-former) Spread via contact with spores (soil) Necrotic and itchy tissue Deadly if untreated Treated with antibiotics |
| Cutaneous Candidiasis | Caused by C. albicans (yeast) on damp, friction prone skin “Diaper rash Common in diabetic patients Itchy, burning macular rash Avoid friction, dry your skin Topical antifungal creams |
| Tinea (ringworm) | Caused by Trichophyton and Microsporum species - Dermatophytes: break down skin, hair, and nails - Start from abrasions and moisture Macular rash with flakes, itchy Topical antifungals |
| Leishmaniasis | Caused by leishmania parasites in tropics Delivered by sandfly vector Ulcers that last for years, scarring Can spread to mucous membranes, fatal in 2 years Few treatments, mostly avoidance/vector control |
| The eye | Eye and lacrimal structures Tears made in lacrimal glands contain lysozyme “Protect without obscuring” |
| Cornea | clear tissue protecting lens |
| Conjuctiva | tissue surrounding eye chamber |
| Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) | Inflammation of conjunctiva - Redness, swelling, itchy, some discharge Can be caused by viruses or bacteria - Virus (adenoviruses, herpesviruses): clear discharge - Bacteria (mostly upper respiratory pathogens): yellow/green discharge Self limiting! |
| Viral conjunctivitis typically causes | watery discharge, intense itching, and often accompanies a cold, s Viral infections usually affect one eye before spreading to both |
| whereas bacterial conjunctivitis produces | thick yellow/green discharge, leading to crusty eyelids, especially in the morning. bacterial infections are often associated with sticky eyelid |
Created by:
liladdoyle