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Bio unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fat-soluble vitamins include: | A, D, E, and K |
| A patient eats a high-carbohydrate meal and excess glucose is stored first. The storage form produced in liver and muscle is: | Parietal cell |
| The digestive system performs ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and: | Defecation |
| The digestive system performs ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and: | defecation |
| Respiration is best defined as: | Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and body cells |
| Non-essential amino acids are those that: | Can be synthesized by the body |
| The dorsal respiratory group primarily: | Modifies activity of the ventral respiratory group |
| The soft palate ends in the: | Uvula |
| The driving force for diffusion of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane is: | Difference in partial pressures between alveolus and capillary |
| Gastrin primarily: | increases gastric juice secretion |
| CCK stimulates the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice high in: | Enzymes |
| Mineral toxicity can result from ingestion of too much of a mineral or from: | Overexposure to pollutants, household chemicals, or certain drugs |
| The primary function of the ileocecal sphincter is to: | Regulate flow of chyme into the large intestine |
| The myenteric plexus primarily controls: | Gastrointestinal motility |
| The appendix is attached to the: | Cecum |
| A patient consumes excess calories over time. Which outcome best reflects positive energy balance? | Weight gain due to storage of excess nutrients |
| Minerals usually enter the food chain because plants: | Extract them from the soil |
| Tuberculosis can reduce gas exchange by: | Thickening respiratory membrane and reducing surface area with tubercles |
| Bulimia is: | An eating disorder involving binge-and-purge cycles |
| The left lung has: | Two lobes |
| Metabolism refers to: | All the chemical reactions occurring in the body |
| Disaccharides are: | Double sugars (e.g., milk sugar, cane sugar) |
| Essential fatty acids are those that: | The liver cannot synthesize and must be obtained from the diet |
| The recommended daily protein intake described (~0.8 g/kg) is approximately what percentage of the diet? | About 10% |
| The largest major salivary glands are the: | Parotid glands |
| A healthy human can survive without food for approximately: | 50 to 70 days |
| Inside epithelial cells, fatty acids and glycerol are resynthesized into: | Triglyceride |
| Trace elements are also called: | Microminerals |
| Blood from the hepatic artery is primarily: | Oxygen-rich |
| The nasal septum separates the nasal cavity into: | Left and right portions |
| Respiratory bronchioles are significant because they: | Are the first structures where gas exchange can occur (alveoli bud from their walls) |
| Saturated fats are typically found mainly in: | Foods of animal origin (and some tropical oils) |
| Organs of the lower respiratory tract include the: | Bronchial tree |
| Intestinal flora in the large intestine: | Break down contents and produce vitamins such as K and B12 |
| Alveolar macrophages primarily: | Help clean alveoli by removing debris and pathogens |
| The passageways created by nasal conchae are called: | Meatuses |
| A patient's arterial PCO2 rises. The expected ventilatory response is: | Increased ventilation to lower PCO2 |
| The respiratory membrane includes alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium, and: | Fused basement membranes |
| Nutrients are best defined as: | Chemicals from the environment that organisms need for survival |
| The lining of much of the nasal cavity is: | Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells |
| The primary site for sensing blood O2 decreases that stimulate ventilation is: | Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies |
| Physiologic dead space is: | Anatomic dead space plus alveolar dead space |
| During inspiration, thoracic volume increases. According to Boyle's law, intra-alveolar pressure should: | Decrease |
| Anatomic dead space is: | Air in conduction structures that does not reach alveoli |
| If the small intestine becomes overdistended or irritated, a strong peristaltic rush may cause: | Diarrhea |
| Carbaminohemoglobin forms when CO2: | Binds to hemoglobin in RBCs |
| CO2 influences central chemoreceptors because CO2: | Crosses the blood-brain barrier and generates H+ in the brain |
| Obesity is more correctly defined as: | Excess adipose tissue |
| Dental caries commonly develop when bacteria metabolize sugars and produce: | Acidic by-products that destroy enamel and dentin |
| Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces in the: | Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones |
| Negative energy balance occurs when: | Caloric expenditure exceeds intake, leading to weight loss |
| The nasopharynx is primarily a(n): | Air passage posterior to the nasal cavity |
| Organs of the upper respiratory tract include all of the following EXCEPT the: | Larynx |
| Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages primarily: | Regulate vocal cord tension and close the larynx for swallowing |
| Cartilage disappears in the: | Bronchioles |
| Age-related changes can decrease gas exchange area because: | Alveolar walls thin and alveoli merge |
| The epithelium in alveoli is primarily: | Simple squamous epithelium |
| Ventilation (breathing) is: | Movement of air into the bronchial tree and alveoli |
| The pyloric antrum is part of the: | Pylorus |
| BMR mainly reflects energy needed to support: | Activities of the organs |
| Minerals make up about: | 4% of body weight |
| The pancreatic duct empties into the: | Duodenum |
| Alveolar sacs are: | Outpouchings of alveolar ducts that contain groups of alveoli |
| Cellulose is best described as: | A complex carbohydrate not digested by humans that provides dietary fiber |
| Pharyngeal tonsils are also called: | Adenoids |
| The tracheal lining is primarily: | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
| Lipogenesis is the: | Conversion of excess glucose into fats stored in adipose tissue |
| Kupffer cells (mentioned in hepatic lobule diagrams) are best associated with: | Phagocytosis within hepatic sinusoids |
| Leptin acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite by inhibiting release of: | Neuropeptide Y |
| A major function of the large intestine is to: | Absorb water and electrolytes and form feces |
| Sinuses open into the: | Nasal cavity |
| Central chemoreceptors in the medulla mainly monitor: | pH in the brain linked to CO2 levels |
| A person has a tidal volume of 500 mL and a respiratory rate of 12/min. What is the minute ventilation (MV)? | 6000 mL/min |
| Humans require 20 amino acids for protein synthesis; the number that cannot be synthesized (as listed) is: | 8 essential amino acids |
| Secondary (lobar) bronchi are found: | Two on the left and three on the right |
| The functional units of the liver are: | Lobules |
| Water-soluble vitamins may be destroyed by: | Cooking and food processing |
| A patient reports taking large doses of a vitamin and developing toxicity. Which vitamin class is most associated with overdose risk due to storage? | Fat-soluble vitamins |
| Glycogenolysis is the: | Breakdown of glycogen into glucose |
| Sensory impulses for the inflation reflex travel primarily via the: | Vagus nerve |
| After delivering O2 to tissues, venous blood still has hemoglobin about: | 75% saturated |
| The USDA's current visual guide that replaced older food pyramids is: | MyPlate |
| Atelectasis (lung collapse) reduces gas exchange partly because: | Alveoli and blood vessels collapse together |
| The hepatic flexure is also called the: | Right colic flexure |
| The lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter helps prevent: | Regurgitation of food |
| The only bile component with a digestive function is: | Bile salts |
| Sensory impulses for the inflation reflex travel primarily via the: | Vagus nerve |
| The jejunum is generally: | Thicker and more active than the ileum |
| Carbohydrates are organic compounds such as: | Sugars and starches |
| Malnutrition is: | Poor nutrition from lack of essential nutrients or inability to use them |
| Pepsinogen becomes pepsin in the presence of: | Hydrochloric acid |
| Bilirubin and biliverdin are: | Bile pigments derived from hemoglobin breakdown |
| A person has a tidal volume of 600 mL, physiologic dead space of 150 mL, and respiratory rate of 10/min. What is the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)? | 4500 mL/min |
| Bile enters the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, regulated by the: |
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