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BIOL 1102 Exam Three
Immunity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two immune strategies from vertebrates | innate immunity and adaptive immunity |
| How does innate immunity function | provides general nonspecific defenses against many types of pathogens |
| What organisms have innate immunity | fungi, plants, and animals |
| Which immunity evolutionarily evolved first | innate immunity |
| How does adaptive immunity function | specific to a given pathogen, remembers past infections and gives a stronger responses when pathogens are encountered again |
| What organisms have adaptive immunity | unique to vertebrates |
| What are three lines of resistance of the immune system | barrier defenses, non-specific internal defenses, adaptive internal defenses |
| What make up the innate immune response | barrier defenses AND non-specific internal defenses |
| What organ is a major barrier to pathogen invasion | the skin |
| What is a protective layer in the skin | top layer of epidermis is made of dead cells (keratinocytes) and keratin, a protective protein |
| Why is the skin inhospitable to most microbes | acidic, dry, and salty |
| What is just under the dead layer of the skil | living keratinocytes |
| What do living keratinocytes produce | their lamellar granules secrete lipids that form a water barrier AND secrete antimicrobial peptides |
| How do keratinocytes form an even stronger barrier | much more tightly packed, and their desmosomes connect together |
| What is a fluid that is a barrier | mucus |
| What is an important component of mucus | glycoprotein mucin |
| What attack pathogens when they enter first | macrophages - reside in most tissues of the body |
| What do macrophages initiate | inflammation by releasing proinflammatory cytokines |
| What are two types of phagocytes | macrophages and neutrophils |
| What is the function of phagocytes | engulf pathogens and cellular debris |
| Who are the first responders to inflammation | neutrophils |
| What do neutrophils do | perform mainly phagocytosis, can release antimicrobial compounds from their granules, deploy nets made of chromatin and proteases |
| What are four effects of inflammation | capillary widening -> increased blood flow, increased permeability -> fluid release into tissues, attraction of leukocytes -> extravasation of leukocytes to site of injury, systemic response -> fever and proliferation of leukocytes |
| How do innate immune cells work | rely on pattern recognition receptors |
| What is the main pattern recognition receptor that binds to a specific molecule | toll-like receptor (TLR) |
| What does TLR bind to cause macrophage to begin the initiation process | pathogen association molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damaged associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) |
| What are the different pathogenic targets of TLRs? | chitin, peptidoglycan, double stranded RNA, bacterial rRNA |
| How do mast cells contribute to inflammation | release histamine |
| What type of cytes are mast cells | granulocyte - contain "specific granules" in thier cytoplasm |
| What do granulocytes do | release cytotoxic molecules when stimulated to do so |
| What does histamine do | contributes to the initiation and maintenance of inflammation |
| What is histamine's relation with allergy | mast cells release histamine when IgE antibodies bind to their FceRI receptor and intiate an inflammatory reaction |
| What are the functions of cytokines | guide cells to the site of inflammation, change the behavior of cells |
| What could cytokines do in the case of inflammation | involve attracting a cell to move up the cytokine's concentration gradient OR cause an immune cell to multiply |
| What system activates during inflammation | the complement system |
| What is the complement system | system circulating in the blood consisting of proteins that hep with innate and adaptive immune system to support their antimicrobial properties, part of the innate system |
| What is an important complement protein | C3 -> must be cleaved into C3a and C3b |
| Once C3 is cleaved, what are three execution pathways | cytolysis, opsonization, and enhancement of inflammation |
| What occurs duirng cytolysis | microbes burst as extracellular fluid flows in through transmembrane channel formed by membrane attack complex |
| What occurs during opsonization | microbes are coated with C3b which enhances phagocytosis |
| What occurs during inflammation | blood vessels become more permeable, and chemotactic agents attract phagocytes to this area |
| What is the MHC | major histocompatability complex |
| What is the function fo the MHC | a cell surface receptor where antigens are presented for immune stimulation |
| Which MHC do all cells express | MHC I - to signal their health status |
| Which cells express MHC II | used by professional antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells |
| What is the function of natural killer cells | identify diseased (cancerous/infected) cells and eliminate them by inducing apoptosis |
| How much MHC I do healthy cells produce | high amount to signal its health -> NK cells will not kill healthy cells |
| Which parts of the NK's receptor bnd to what | health cell -> inhibitory receptor, unhealthy cell -> binds to activating receptor |
| What will an infected cell present to NK cells | not present the MHC I, DOES present ligands for the activating receptor |
| What are dendritic cells | type of phagocyte |
| What are the functions of dendritic cells | reside in tissues that are exposed to the outside and search them for antigens |
| Where are dendritic cells found | skin, respiratory, an digestive |
| What does a professional antigen-presenting cell use its MHC II receptor for | present antigens to B and T cells to enhance the adaptive immune response |
| Where does the interaction between dendritic cells and B/T cells occur | in the lymph nodesa |
| What are the steps to antigen presentation | bacterium captured and engulfed in phagocytosis -> ripped into small pieces (antigens) -> antigen loaded into MHC II -> travels to the surface to present the antigen to helper T-cell |
Created by:
goldengalleon